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Articles

Small-Area Estimations from Survey Data for High-Resolution Maps of Urban Flood Risk Perception and Evacuation Behavior

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Pages 425-447 | Received 04 Dec 2021, Accepted 27 Jun 2022, Published online: 03 Oct 2022
 

Abstract

“Behavior-blind” risk assessments, mapping, and policy do not account for individual responses to risks, due to challenges in collecting accurate information at scales relevant to decision-making. There is useful spatial information in social survey data that is sometimes analyzed for spatial patterns despite potential biases. This article explores whether risk perception and adaptive behavior can be inferred from census and hazard exposure data with a specifically designed survey. An underlying question is what precautions surveys should take before mapping the results. We find that a hybrid multilevel regression and (synthetic) poststratification (MRP-MRSP) model can facilitate the transition from individual survey data to small-area estimations at different scales, including 200-m grid cells. We demonstrate this model using municipal-level survey data collected in the Paris region, France. We find that model accuracy is not decreased at finer scales provided there is a strong spatial predictor such as hazard exposure. Our findings show that a wide range of flood risk perception and evacuation behavior can be estimated with such downscaling techniques. Although this type of modeling is not yet commonly used among geographers, our study suggests that it can improve mapping of survey results and, in particular, can provide spatially explicit behavioral information for risk assessment and policy.

由于在决策层面上收集准确信息的挑战, 风险评估、制图和政策往往忽略个人行为, 从而无法考虑个人对风险的反应。尽管社会调查数据的空间信息可能存在偏差, 但有时可以对其进行空间模式分析。本文探讨了是否可以通过特别设计的调查, 从人口普查和危险暴露数据中推断出风险感知和适应行为。潜在的问题是:在绘制结果图之前, 调查应该采取哪些预防措施。我们发现, 混合多水平回归和(合成)事后分层(MRP-MRSP)模型, 可以将调查数据单元转换到不同尺度(200米网格)的小区域估计。利用在法国巴黎地区收集的市级调查数据, 我们展示了该模型。我们发现, 如果有一个强大的空间预测因子(例如, 危险暴露), 更精细尺度下的模型精度就不会降低。研究结果表明, 这种降尺度方法可以估计各种洪水风险感知和疏散行为。尽管这类模型尚未在地理学中得到普遍运用, 但我们的研究表明, 它可以改善调查结果制图, 尤其是可以为风险评估和政策提供空间上的行为信息。

Las evaluaciones del riesgo, el mapeo y las políticas del “comportamiento a ciegas” no toman en cuenta las respuestas individuales a los riesgos, debido a los retos de recoger información precisa a escalas que sean relevantes para la toma de decisiones. Existe información espacial útil en los datos de encuestas sociales que a veces se analizan en busca de patrones a pesar de los posibles sesgos que puedan generar. Este artículo explora si la percepción del riesgo y el comportamiento adaptativo pueden inferirse a partir de los datos del censo y de la exposición a los riesgos con una encuesta específicamente diseñada. Una pregunta subyacente es qué precauciones se deben tomar en las encuestas antes de mapear los resultados. Encontramos que un modelo híbrido de regresión multinivel y de posestratificación (sintética) (MRP-MRSP) puede facilitar la transición de los datos de las encuestas individuales a estimaciones de área pequeña, a diferentes escalas, incluyendo las celdas de cuadrícula de 200-m. La demostración de este modelo la hicimos usando datos de encuesta a nivel municipal recogidos en la región de París, Francia. Encontramos que la precisión del modelo no se reduce a una escala más fina a condición de que haya un predictor espacial fuerte, tal como la exposición al riesgo. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que se puede estimar una amplia gama de percepción del riesgo de inundación y comportamiento de evacuación con tales técnicas de escala reducida. Aunque este tipo de modelización todavía no es de uso corriente entre los geógrafos, nuestro estudio sugiere que sí puede mejorar los resultados del mapeo de la encuesta y, en particular, suministrar información conductual espacialmente explícita para la evaluación del riesgo y la política.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Laure Cazeaux and Victor Santoni for their work on the webmaps. They also wish to thank the four anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.

Notes

1 The results can be interactively explored at all scales as webmaps at https://perception.labo.cyu.fr/home.html.

Additional information

Funding

This research was partially supported by funds from the French National Research Agency (ANR-20-CE03-0009), the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF-2016-5296), the Mobile Lives Forum (498-C02-A0), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF BCS-1753082).

Notes on contributors

Samuel Rufat

SAMUEL RUFAT is an Associate Professor in the Geography Department, CY Cergy Paris University, Paris 95011, France. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include social vulnerability, resilience and adaptation assessments and geospatial modeling, risk perception, emergency management, and disaster mitigation.

Peter D. Howe

PETER D. HOWE is an Associate Professor of Geography in the Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include public perceptions of climate change and environmental risks, survey research, spatial analysis, and geovisualization.

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