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Articles

Spectacle of Nature 2.0: The (Re)Production of Patagonia National Park

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Pages 331-345 | Received 03 Jul 2020, Accepted 20 Jun 2022, Published online: 03 Oct 2022
 

Abstract

In this article, we bring together understandings of the spectacle of nature and spectacle 2.0 to show how people are invited to participate in the spectacular production of nature. Recent work has expanded on the Debordian notion of spectacle, interrogating the ways people do not just consume images, but help to produce and enact spectacle: spectacle 2.0. Building on this, we argue that in conservation, consumers increasingly interact with the spectacle through digital and real-life means, thereby reinforcing and reproducing the nature that is being transformed. We term this process the spectacle of nature 2.0. We present the case of Valle Chacabuco in southern Chile, which has been transformed into Patagonia National Park. This process has been welcomed by the international conservation community, but has incited tension and conflict with local residents who have their own very different sense of Valle Chacabuco. Through the production of spectacle, park discourses highlight the heroic role of Northern conservationists, obscuring the underlying capitalist logics of the project and the social tensions it has created. We argue that it was possible to unmake/remake Valle Chacabuco from once a place of livelihoods, ranching, and production to a place of unspoiled nature through the recruitment of digital and material interaction. In the process, environmental politics and activism are channeled back into the dominant underlying capitalist ideology. Patagonia National Park is now a place that the park promoters claim belongs to the world, its nature and culture to be consumed and reproduced by environmentalists and tourists.

结合自然景象和景象2.0, 我们展示了人们如何参与自然景象的创造。最近的研究扩展了Guy Debord的景象概念, 探讨了人们消费影像并且帮助建立和实现景象的方式(即, 景象2.0)。藉此, 我们认为, 消费者采用数字和现实生活方法, 在保护过程中越来越多地与景象互动, 从而加强和再造正在改变的自然。我们将这一过程称为“自然景象2.0”。我们介绍了智利南部被改造为巴塔哥尼亚国家公园(Patagonia National Park)的查卡布科山谷(Valle Chacabuco)。这一进程受到国际保护组织的欢迎, 但引发了与当地居民的紧张关系和冲突, 这些居民对查卡布科山谷有着截然不同的理解。国家公园的描述建立了景象, 突出了北方保护主义者的英勇作用, 掩盖了该项目潜在的资本主义思想及其导致的社会紧张。我们认为, 数字互动和物质互动有可能将查卡布科山谷从一个谋生、放牧和生产的场所, 改造为一个未受破坏的自然之地。在这一过程中, 资本主义主导意识形态重新引入环境政治和激进主义。目前, 巴塔哥尼亚国家公园的倡导者声称, 巴塔哥尼亚国家公园属于世界, 环保主义者和游客消费并再造了该国家公园的自然和文化。

En este artículo, juntamos los entendimientos del espectáculo de la naturaleza y el espectáculo 2.0 para mostrar cómo se invita a la gente a participar en la espectacular producción de la naturaleza. Los estudios recientes han ampliado la noción del espectáculo debordiano, cuestionando la forma como la gente no solo consume imágenes, sino como ayudan a producir y a llevar a escena el espectáculo: el espectáculo 2.0. A partir de esto, sostenemos que, en términos de conservación, los consumidores cada vez más interactúan con el espectáculo a través de medios digitales y reales, reforzando y reproduciendo así la naturaleza que está siendo objeto de transformación. Le damos a este proceso el nombre de espectáculo de la naturaleza 2.0. Presentamos el caso del Valle de Chacabuco, en el sur de Chile, que ha sido transformado en Parque Nacional de la Patagonia. Este proceso ha sido bien recibido por la comunidad internacional de la conservación, aunque ha provocado tensiones y conflictos con los residentes locales, quienes tienen un sentido muy diferente de lo que representa el Valle de Chacabuco. A través de la producción de espectáculo, los discursos del parque destacan el papel heroico de los conservacionistas norteños, oscureciendo la lógica capitalista subyacente del proyecto y las tensiones sociales que ha generado. Sostenemos que era posible deshacer/rehacer el Valle de Chacabuco de lo que en un tiempo fue lugar de sustento, ganadería de rancho y producción hasta convertirlo en lugar de naturaleza virgen a través del reclutamiento de la interacción digital y material. En el proceso, la política y el activismo ambiental se redireccionan de nuevo hacia la subyacente ideología capitalista dominante. El Parque Nacional de la Patagonia ahora es un lugar que sus promotores aseguran pertenece al mundo, su naturaleza y cultura para ser consumidas y reproducidas por ambientalistas y turistas.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Jill Belsky for invaluable comments on earlier drafts of this article, as well as two anonymous reviewers.

Notes

1 This article analyzes materials produced by Conservacion Patagonica, the NGO originally behind the Patagonia Park project. Conservacion Patagonica has since been absorbed into the parent organization, Tompkins Conservation, which has been rebranded as the Fundación Rewilding Chile.

2 A tea consumed in the southern cone of South America, often associated with gauchos.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Elena Louder

ELENA LOUDER is a PhD Candidate in the School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include political ecology and conservation, as well as the social dimensions of renewable energy development in Chile.

Keith Bosak

KEITH BOSAK is an Associate Professor in the Department of Society and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests focus on the intersection of conservation and development, particularly in mountains.

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