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Review

Beneficial Effects of Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Agro-Industrial By-Products on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Components

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Pages 3753-3782 | Published online: 06 Jan 2022
 

ABSTRACT

The generation of agro-industrial by-products is an economic and environmental problem. However, these raw materials could be a suitable source for obtaining bioactive compounds for technological or nutritional purposes. On the other hand, obesity and metabolic syndrome prevalence are in continuous growth. The classical approach of hypocaloric diet and exercise has shown little long-term adherence. Thus, there is an unending search for new strategies to prevent and treat obesity and related metabolic alterations. In that sense, the revalorization of agro-industrial by-products for functional foods and nutraceutical development has gained relevance. Pomegranate, onion, and grape by-products, among others, have been described as promising raw materials for bioactive compounds obtention. Nevertheless, scientific evidence on the effects of specific sources and bioactive compounds on obesity models and clinical trials is needed. This article aims to show available data from studies on the effect of bioactive compounds obtained from agro-industrial by-products on obesity and metabolic syndrome components.

Graphical Abstract

Abbreviations

5-OH-HxMF=

5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3’,4’-hexamethoxyflavone

ACC=

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

ALT=

Alanine aminotransferase

AMPK=

AMP-activated protein kinase

AST=

Aspartate aminotransferase

BAT=

Brown adipose tissue

BMI=

Body mass index

C/EBPα=

CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha

CAT=

Catalase

CGA=

Chlorogenic acid

CGE=

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent

CHE=

Coffee husk extract

CIDEA=

Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A

CPT1α=

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha

CSE=

Coffee silverskin extract

DPPH=

2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate

DW=

Dry weight

FAS=

Fatty acid synthase

FMD=

Flow-mediated dilatation

FW=

Fresh weight

GAE=

Gallic acid equivalent

GPE=

Grape pomace extracts

GPP=

Grape pomace powder

GPx=

Glutathione peroxidase

HADMSC=

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

HDL-C=

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HF/HS=

High-fat and high-sucrose

HFD=

high-fat diet

hs-PCR=

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein

IL-=

Interleukin-

iNOS=

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LA=

Linoleic acid

LDL-C=

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LePP=

Lemon peel powder

MCP1=

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MS=

Metabolic syndrome

NEFAs=

Non-esterified fatty acids

NF-κB=

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Nrf2=

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

OA=

Oleic acid

OPE=

Onion peel extract

OPEF=

Ethyl acetate fraction of onion peel extract

OPWF=

Water fraction of onion peel extract

ORAC=

Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

OrPE=

Orange peel extract

OrPP=

Orange peel powder

PFE=

Pomegranate flower extract

PGC1α=

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha

PLE=

Pomegranate leaf extract

POCTA=

Pomace olive oil with high concentrations of the triterpenic acids

PPAR-=

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-

PPE=

Pomegranate peel extract

PRDM16=

PR domain containing 16

PSO=

Pomegranate seed oil

ROS=

Reactive oxygen species

SIRT1=

Sirtuin 1

SOD=

Superoxide dismutase

SREBP=

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins

sWAT=

Subcutaneous white adipose tissue

TAG=

Triglycerides

TBARS=

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TC=

Total cholesterol

TE=

Trolox equivalent

TNF-α=

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha

TPC=

Total polyphenols content

UCP1=

Uncoupling protein 1

vWAT=

Visceral white adipose tissue

ZDF=

Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by ANID under Grant CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017–21170196 (FE) and FONDECYT Iniciación 11180736 (AB).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the ANID [CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017–21170196]; ANID; [FONDECYT Iniciación 11180736].

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