https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7236-8205
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ABSTRACT
The generation of agro-industrial by-products is an economic and environmental problem. However, these raw materials could be a suitable source for obtaining bioactive compounds for technological or nutritional purposes. On the other hand, obesity and metabolic syndrome prevalence are in continuous growth. The classical approach of hypocaloric diet and exercise has shown little long-term adherence. Thus, there is an unending search for new strategies to prevent and treat obesity and related metabolic alterations. In that sense, the revalorization of agro-industrial by-products for functional foods and nutraceutical development has gained relevance. Pomegranate, onion, and grape by-products, among others, have been described as promising raw materials for bioactive compounds obtention. Nevertheless, scientific evidence on the effects of specific sources and bioactive compounds on obesity models and clinical trials is needed. This article aims to show available data from studies on the effect of bioactive compounds obtained from agro-industrial by-products on obesity and metabolic syndrome components.
Graphical Abstract
Abbreviations
| 5-OH-HxMF | = | 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3’,4’-hexamethoxyflavone |
| ACC | = | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| ALT | = | Alanine aminotransferase |
| AMPK | = | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| AST | = | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| BAT | = | Brown adipose tissue |
| BMI | = | Body mass index |
| C/EBPα | = | CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha |
| CAT | = | Catalase |
| CGA | = | Chlorogenic acid |
| CGE | = | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent |
| CHE | = | Coffee husk extract |
| CIDEA | = | Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A |
| CPT1α | = | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha |
| CSE | = | Coffee silverskin extract |
| DPPH | = | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate |
| DW | = | Dry weight |
| FAS | = | Fatty acid synthase |
| FMD | = | Flow-mediated dilatation |
| FW | = | Fresh weight |
| GAE | = | Gallic acid equivalent |
| GPE | = | Grape pomace extracts |
| GPP | = | Grape pomace powder |
| GPx | = | Glutathione peroxidase |
| HADMSC | = | Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
| HDL-C | = | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| HF/HS | = | High-fat and high-sucrose |
| HFD | = | high-fat diet |
| hs-PCR | = | High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein |
| IL- | = | Interleukin- |
| iNOS | = | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
| LA | = | Linoleic acid |
| LDL-C | = | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| LePP | = | Lemon peel powder |
| MCP1 | = | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| MS | = | Metabolic syndrome |
| NEFAs | = | Non-esterified fatty acids |
| NF-κB | = | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| Nrf2 | = | Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 |
| OA | = | Oleic acid |
| OPE | = | Onion peel extract |
| OPEF | = | Ethyl acetate fraction of onion peel extract |
| OPWF | = | Water fraction of onion peel extract |
| ORAC | = | Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity |
| OrPE | = | Orange peel extract |
| OrPP | = | Orange peel powder |
| PFE | = | Pomegranate flower extract |
| PGC1α | = | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
| PLE | = | Pomegranate leaf extract |
| POCTA | = | Pomace olive oil with high concentrations of the triterpenic acids |
| PPAR- | = | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- |
| PPE | = | Pomegranate peel extract |
| PRDM16 | = | PR domain containing 16 |
| PSO | = | Pomegranate seed oil |
| ROS | = | Reactive oxygen species |
| SIRT1 | = | Sirtuin 1 |
| SOD | = | Superoxide dismutase |
| SREBP | = | Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins |
| sWAT | = | Subcutaneous white adipose tissue |
| TAG | = | Triglycerides |
| TBARS | = | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
| TC | = | Total cholesterol |
| TE | = | Trolox equivalent |
| TNF-α | = | Tumour necrosis factor-alpha |
| TPC | = | Total polyphenols content |
| UCP1 | = | Uncoupling protein 1 |
| vWAT | = | Visceral white adipose tissue |
| ZDF | = | Zucker diabetic fatty rats |
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by ANID under Grant CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017–21170196 (FE) and FONDECYT Iniciación 11180736 (AB).
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.