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Abstract
HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases, remain largely unknown. Here we review the current understanding of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the context of HIV infection. We focus on several bacteria-produced metabolites, including tryptophan catabolites, short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and discuss their implications in HIV infection and comorbidities. We also prospect future studies using integrative multiomics approaches to better understand host–microbiota–metabolites interactions in HIV infection, and facilitate integrative medicine utilizing the microbiota in HIV infection.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
Q Qi is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) K01HL129892, R01HL140976 and R01HL060712, and by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) R01DK119268. The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.