Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring

Abstract

Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007–2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.

Summary points

• According to our most recent data, this is the first report on the assessment of the greenness and whiteness of a set of microextraction techniques for a particular purpose like therapeutic drug monitoring.

• The greenness and whiteness evaluations of microextraction techniques applied in therapeutic drug monitoring were assessed using the Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation (AGREEprep) metric tool and 12-point white analytical chemistry (WAC) principles.

• The AGREE metric tool was used for assessing specific criteria related to WAC.

• Some microextraction techniques demonstrated high green scores by the AGREEprep tool.

• Most of the evaluated techniques with WAC principles provided high scores in red principles (analytical performance).

• Some microextraction techniques with high greenness scores achieved high whiteness scores to provide a balance between all principles.

Keywords: :

• AGREE
• AGREEprep
• bioanalysis
• green analytical chemistry
• greenness
• microextraction techniques
• TDM
• therapeutic drug monitoring
• white analytical chemistry
• whiteness

Author contributions

HP Parastoo: investigation, writing (original draft). MS Foad: investigation, interpretation of data for the work, writing and editing (original draft). D Seyed Mosayeb : design of the work, conceptualization, supervision, writing (review and editing).

Financial disclosure

The authors have no financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

Competing interests disclosure

The authors have no competing interests or relevant affiliations with any organization or entity with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options and expert testimony.

Writing disclosure

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.