Restore or retreat? saltwater intrusion and water management in coastal wetlands

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Table 1. Water management strategies, approaches, and tools used to ameliorate the impacts of saltwater intrusion in coastal systems

Strategy	Approach	Tools	References
Modified water withdrawals	Optimize amounts, locations, and timing	Modeling and scenario analysis	Willis and Finney (1988), Nobi and Gupta (1997), Bear et al. (1999), Cheng et al. (2004), Dhar and Datta (2007), Giambastiani et al. (2007), Duarte et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2001), Werner et al. (2013), Zekri et al. (2015)
	Water conservation	Irrigation efficiency improvements	Laraus (2004)
		Rainwater harvesting	DeBusk et al. (2012)
		Use reduction	Gössling (2001), Kent et al. (2002)
Modified water deliveries	Optimize amounts, locations, and timing	Modeling and scenario analysis	Kaplan (2010), Koch et al. (2015), Zhang et al. (2015)
	Enhance groundwater recharge	Infiltration ponds/basins	Walraevens et al. (2002), Narayan et al. (2003), Dillon (2005)
		Land‐use conversions	O'Leary (1996), Scanlon et al. (2005), McLaughlin et al. (2013)
		Artificial recharge	Todd (1959), Dillon (2005), Asano (2016), Werner et al. (2013), Maliva (2014)
Engineered structures	Direct freshwater	Diversions	Ward et al. (2002), DeLaune et al. (2003), Snedden et al. (2007), Cui et al. (2009), Allison and Meselhe (2010), Paola et al. (2011), Das et al. (2012), Kemp et al. (2014), Middleton et al. (2015)
	Impede saltwater	Saltwater barriers and other structures	Applegate (1990), Mulrennan and Woodroffe (1998), Giambastiani et al. (2007), Miloshis and Fairfield (2015)

Table 2. Summary of best practices for wetland management under climate change

Authors	Best Practices
Burkett and Kusler (2000)	Increased protection/remove stresses
	Develop setbacks
	Sediment diversions
	Link fragmented wetlands and waterways
	Use water control structures to enhance particular functions
	Secure water resources for wetland conservation
	Wetland restoration
Erwin (2009)	Significantly reduce non‐climate stressors
	Protect coastal wetlands and accommodate SLR (acquisition, setbacks, restoration)
	Monitoring, training, and education
	Incorporate climate oscillations
	Medium‐ and long‐range planning: strategize conservation priorities
Koch et al. (2015)	Integrative & resilience‐focused management
	Paradigm that considers coupling of connected terrestrial, freshwater, & marine ecosystems
	Develop comprehensive regional/local governance and planning frameworks
Wiens and Hobbs (2015)	Frame realistic and complementary goals
	Embrace uncertainty
	Enlist public support

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