Figures & data
Fig. 1 PRISMA flowchart describing search and inclusion process for articles.
Fig. 2 Flow chart describing the various directions of investigation and therapeutic translation of stem cell differentiation to ultimately become spermatozoa amenable to achieving pregnancy. (Left) Somatic cells may be de-differentiated into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and then re-programmed to differentiate through germ cell lineage via transplantation into the testis seminiferous tubules, xenografting or germline stem cells in culture. (Right) SSCs may be harvested from the testis and kept as a tissue biopsy or processed into a single cell suspension. The tissue biopsy may be treated as an organ culture, autologous graft or xenograft to proliferate and differentiate SSCs to spermatozoa. Cell suspensions may be grown in culture and xenografted, autotransplanted into the testis seminiferous tubules, or differentiated in culture to harvest spermatozoa. (m) TESE, (microdissection) testicular sperm extraction.
