Effect of intravenous tranexamic acid and epsilon aminocaproic acid on bleeding and surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Available online 5 September 2014

Figures & data

Table 1 Boezaart et al. grading scale for scoring of surgical field bleeding [8].

Grade	Assessment
0	No bleeding
1	Slight bleeding: no suctioning required
2	Slight bleeding: occasional suctioning required
3	Slight bleeding: frequent suctioning required. bleeding threatens surgical field a few seconds after suction is removed
4	Moderate bleeding: frequent suctioning required. bleeding threatens surgical field directly after suction is removed
5	Severe bleeding: constant suctioning required .bleeding appears faster than can be removed by suction. surgical field severely threatened and surgery usually not possible

Table 2 Demographic data and duration of surgery of the 3 groups.

	TXA group (n = 30)	EACA group (n = 30)	Control group (n = 30)	p Value
Age (years)	36.5 ± 6.9	35.8 ± 5.8	36.3 ± 5.5	0.900
Sex (male/female)	22/8	25/5	23/7	0.638
Body weight (kg)	69.9 ± 6.6	68.7 ± 5.8	68.4 ± 5.9	0.621
Duration of surgery (min)	121.1 ± 7.1^a	120.8 ± 6.0^a	146.1 ± 7.3^b	<0.001

Data are presented as means and standard deviation or numbers.

Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different.

Table 3 Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin concentration and volume of blood loss in the three studied groups.

	TXA group (n = 30)	EACA group (n = 30)	Control group (n = 30)	p Value
Preoperative hemoglobin (g/dl)	13.3 ± 0.2	13.2 ± 0.3	13.2 ± 0.4	0.632
Postoperative hemoglobin (g/dl)	12.6 ± 0.2^a	12.4 ± 0.2^a	11.9 ± 0.4^b	<0.001
Volume of blood loss (ml)	195.3 ± 32.2^a	201.5 ± 30.6^a	365.1 ± 48.8^b	<0.001

Data are presented as means and standard deviation.

Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different.

Figure 1 Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) between the study groups over the study period.

Figure 2 Mean HR (beats/min) between the study groups over the study period.

Table 4 Quality of the surgical field according to Boezzart scale.

Time of assessment (min)	Grade	TXA group (n = 30)	EACA group (n = 30)	Control group (n = 30)	p Value
30	0–1	10	9	1	<0.001
	2	12	12	6
	3	8	9	23
60	0–1	2	1	1	0.013
	2	18	16	7
	3	10	13	22
90	0–1	19	16	4	<0.001
	2	9	10	5
	3	2	4	21
120	0–1	17	16	4	<0.001
	2	10	9	6
	3	3	5	20
150	0–1	18	18	5	<0.001
	2	10	8	5
	3	2	4	20

Data were expressed as number of patients.

Table 5 Surgeon satisfaction according to Likert’s scale (5 points scale).

Measurement times	TXA group (n = 30)	EACA group (n = 30)	Control group (n = 30)	p Value
30 min	3.9 ± 0.9^a	3.8 ± 0.9^a	2.8 ± 1.2^b	<0.001
60 min	4.0 ± 0.6^a	3.8 ± 0.8^a	3.2 ± 0.4^b	<0.001
90 min	3.8 ± 0.7^a	3.7 ± 0.6^a	3.2 ± 0.2^b	<0.001
120 min	3.8 ± 0.5^a	3.8 ± 0.7^a	3.3 ± 0.2^b	<0.001
150 min	4.0 ± 0.5^a	4.3 ± 0.7^a	3.4 ± 0.6^b	<0.001

Data are expressed as means ± SD.

Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different.