Effect of nalbuphine as an adjuvant on levobupivacaine induced caudal analgesia in children undergoing surgical procedures, controlled randomized double blinded study

Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Society of Anesthesiologists.

Figures & data

able 1 AIIMS pain discomfort scale [10].

Parameters	Criteria	Points
1. Respiratory rate	<20% of preoperative baseline	0
	20–50% of preoperative baseline	1
	>50% of preoperative baseline	2
2. Heart rate	10% of preoperative baseline	0
	20% of preoperative baseline	1
	30% of preoperative baseline	2
3. Discomfort	Calm	0
	Restless	1
	Agitated	2
4. Crying	Not crying responding to water, food and parental presence	0
	Crying but respond to tender loving care	1
	Crying but does not respond to TLC	2
5. Discomfort at site of operation	No pain	0
	State pain – vague	1
	Can localize pain	2

igure 1 CONSORT flowchart of the study.

able 2 Patient’s demographic data numbers and mean (SD).

Characteristics	Group L (n = 20)	Group L + N (n = 20)	P-value
Age (years)	3.1 ± 1.5	3.4 ± 1.6	0.546 (NS)
Sex males (M)	M 75%	M 80%	1.00 (NS)
Females (F)	F 25%	F 20%
Types of surgeries (%)	Hypospadius (60%)	Hypospadius (63%)	1.00 (NS)
	Herniotomy (40%)	Herniotomy (37%)

Data are means ± standard deviation.

NS = p > 0.05 = not significant, M = male, F = female.

able 3 Time for first analgesia in postoperative hours among the 2 groups.

	Group L (n = 20)	Group L + N (n = 20)	P-value
Time for rescue analgesia (h)	5.9 ± 1.0	11.2 ± 1.6	<0.01^⁎

Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation.

#x204E; P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.

able 4 AIIMS pain discomfort scale among the 2 groups.

	Group L (n = 20)	Group L + N (n = 20)	p-value
AIIMS at 2 h	1(0–2)	1(0–1)	0.150
AIIMS at 4 h	2(1–4)	1(0–2)	<0.001^⁎
AIIMS at 6 h	3(2–4)	2(1–3)	<0.001^⁎
AIIMS at 12 h	4(4–5)	4(3–4)	0.005^⁎
AIIMS at 24 h	4(3–5)	4(3–5)	1.000

Data are expressed in median (range in parentheses).

#x204E; P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.

able 5 Sedation scores among the 2 groups.

	Group L (n = 20)	Group L + N (n = 20)	P-value
30 min	0(0–1)	1(0–2)	<0.001^⁎
1 h	0(0–1)	1(0–2)	0.005^⁎
2 h	0(0–1)	0(0–1)	1.000

Data are expressed in median (range in parentheses).

#x204E; P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.