Synergistic effect of phytohormones on pigment and fine structure of chloroplasts in flag leaf of wheat plants irrigated by seawater

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of grain presoaking in GA₃, IAA or ABA on leaf area (cm²/leaf), sucrose, polysaccharides and proteins content in flag leaf (g kg⁻¹ DM) of wheat plants irrigated by seawater.

Parameter		Leaf area (cm^2/leaf)	Sucrose (g kg^−1 DM)	Polysaccharides (g kg^−1 DM)	Protein (g kg^−1 DM)
Presoaking seawater (%) treatments
NO	0	40.230	11.253	129.680	83.641
	10	39.124	9.894	125.741	79.732
	25	38.342	7.432	123.924	77.802
+ GA3	0	40.012	10.987	128.987	83.627
	10	43.345	13.547	134.725	85.922
	25	45.221	11.383	132.048	84.705
+ IAA	0	40.643	11.476	129.573	84.211
	10	50.720	15.723	135.880	87.537
	25	47.510	13.092	133.781	84.795
+ ABA	0	40.114	10.985	128.072	83.961
	10	42.561	12.987	132.780	85.380
	25	41.572	11.912	130.987	83.99
LSD	p < 0.01	0.230	0.576	1.112	1.047

Table 2 Effect of grain presoaking in GA₃, IAA or ABA on the pigment content (mg g⁻¹f.wt) and Hill reaction activity [mmol (DCPIP) Kg⁻¹(chl) s⁻¹] in flag leaf of wheat plants irrigated by seawater.

Parameter		Chl a	Chl b	Carotenoids	Total pigment	Hill reaction
Presoaking seawater (%) treatments
NO	0	2.12	0.84	0.68	3.64	80.213
	10	2.10	0.89	0.74	3.73	67.521
	25	2.20	0.68	0.92	3.80	56.993
+ GA3	0	2.23	0.68	0.71	3.62	80.734
	10	2.52	0.98	0.72	4.22	84.524
	25	3.35	1.31	1.04	5.70	74.342
+ IAA	0	1.89	0.75	0.57	3.21	82.526
	10	2.93	1.72	0.88	5.53	87.742
	25	2.69	0.92	0.78	4.39	78.324
+ ABA	0	2.33	0.91	0.72	3.96	79.234
	10	2.54	0.98	0.78	4.30	81.522
	25	2.28	0.91	0.80	3.99	62.773
LSD	p < 0.01	0.120	0.057	0.032	0.047	1.112

Fig. 1 A chloroplast from untreated wheat plant (control) showing an organized membrane system including grana (G). Starch grains (S) and few plastoglobuli (arrowhead) are also observed. Bar = 1.0 um.

Fig. 2 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with 10% seawater showing their globoid shape, disorganized membrane system with swollen thylakoids (arrow). Note that the protoplasm is moved away from the cell wall (W). Note also the absence of starch grains and highly vacuolated cytoplasm. Bar = 2.0 um.

Fig. 3 A chloroplast from wheat plant treated with 25% seawater showing a disorganized membrane system and few plastoglobuli (arrowhead). Note the cytoplasmic inclusion (CI). Note also the granulated cytoplasm (arrow) and the absence of starch grains. Bar = 1.0 um.

Fig. 4 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with GA₃ showing an organized membrane system and cytoplasm. Bar = 2.0 um.

Fig. 5 A chloroplast from wheat plant treated with GA₃ and 10% seawater showing normal chloroplast with organized membrane system and starch grains (S). Note the chloroplast projection (arrow). Note also an oleosome (O) dislocated within the cell cytoplasm. Bar = 1.0 um.

Fig. 6 Chloroplast from wheat plant treated with GA₃ and 25% seawater showing their irregular shape with disorganized membrane system. Note cytoplasmic inclusions (CI). Bar = 2.0 um.

Fig. 7 A part of chloroplast from wheat plant treated with IAA showing normal stacks of grana (G) and intergranal lamellae (arrows). Bar = 0.25 um.

Fig. 8 A regenerated chloroplast from wheat plant treated with IAA showing few membranes (arrow). Note the central stroma (ST) is free membranes. Bar = 0.5 um.

Fig. 9 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with IAA and 10% seawater showing their spherical shape with projections (arrow heads). Note separated projection (arrow). Bar = 2.0 um.

Fig. 10 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with IAA and 25% seawater showing condensed stacks of grana (G) nearly filled the stroma. Note few plastoglobuli (arrow). Note also the absence of starch grains. Bar = 1.0 um.

Fig. 11 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with ABA showing organized stacks of grana (G) with swollen thylakoids (arrowheads). Note starch grains (S) and aggregated plastoglobuli (arrows). Bar = 0.5 um.

Fig. 12 Chloroplasts from wheat plant treated with ABA and 10% seawater showing disorganized system of grana (G) and large starch grain (S). Bar = 1.0 um.

Fig. 13 A part of cell treated with ABA and 25% seawater showing disorganized grana system of chloroplast (C), absence of starch grains and chloroplast projection (arrow). Note normal cytoplasm including micro bodies (MB), mitochondria (M), nucleus (N) and large oleosome (O). Bar = 1.0 um.