Phytotoxicity of three Plantago species on germination and seedling growth of hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.)

Figures & data

Table 1 The composition of the active secondary chemical constituents (mg/g dry weight) of the three studied Plantago species.

Plant species	Phenolics	Tannins	Alkaloids	Flavonoids	Saponins
Plantago lagopus	50.3^b ± 1.32	20.3^a ± 0.53	12.5^a ± 0.26	10.0^c ± 0.28	10.8^a ± 0.33
Plantago major	123.9^a ± 3.26	21.3^a ± 0.56	12.0^a ± 0.42	16.0^a ± 0.27	10.4^a ± 0.32
Plantago squarrosa	40.8^c ± 1.07	16.7^b ± 0.44	10.0^b ± 0.36	13.0^b ± 0.18	6.8^b ± 0.26
LSD0.05	6.54	1.58	0.94	1.07	0.77

Different letters in each column indicate values with significant variation (P ≤ 0.05).

Fig. 1 The inhibitory effect and IC₅₀ of both aqueous and methanolic Plantago extracts on the germination percentage (mean value) with the error bars of Bidens pilosa four days after treatment. Different letters indicate values with significant variation (P ≤ 0.05).

Fig. 2 The allelopathic effect and IC₅₀ of both aqueous and methanolic Plantago extracts on the radicle growth inhibition percentage (mean value) with the error bars of Bidens pilosa ten days after treatment. Different letters indicate values with significant variation (P ≤ 0.05).

Fig. 3 The allelopathic effect and IC₅₀ of both aqueous and methanolic Plantago extracts on the plumule growth inhibition percentage (mean value) with the error bars of Bidens pilosa ten days after treatment. Different letters indicate values with significant variation (P ≤ 0.05).