Black berry juice attenuates neurological disorders and oxidative stress associated with concurrent exposure of aluminum and fluoride in male rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Changes in serum and brain lipid profiles level in control and different treated rat groups.

Parameters		Animal groups
		Control	BBJ	AlCl3	NaF	AlCl3+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3	BBJ+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3+NaF
Serum (mg/dl)	TL	308 ±7.5	303 ±7	411.2^a ±14.2	445.7^a ±11.8	504.3^a ±19.8	337^a^,^b ±12.7	350.3^a^,^c ±9.5	411.9^a^,^d ±11.3
	TC	82.2 ±1.3	80.6 ±1.5	121.7^a ±2.5	119.8^a ±1.9	136.5^a ±3.6	92.3^b ±2.1	85.8^c ±2.4	112^a^,^d ±2.8
	TG	75.7 ±3.2	70.5 ±2.7	109.8^a ±4.8	113.4^a ±4.8	125.4^a ±5.3	79.7^b ±5	77.9^c ±4.5	91.9^a^,^d ±5.2
	HDLC	29.5 ±0.15	31.2 ±0.33	20.2^a ±0.52	21.9^a ±0.4	18.4^a ±0.8	28^b ±0.6	29.9^c ±8	26.2^a^,^d ±1.1
	LDLC	41.9 ±0.53	35^a ±0.9	77.9^a ±2.3	75.8^a ±2.4	95.4^a ±3.2	48.8^a^,^b ±2.2	40.6^c ±1.6	68.6^a^,^d ±3.1
	VLDLC	15.5 ±0.35	14 ±0.5	21.9^a ±0.88	22.6^a ±0.92	24.5^a ±1.1	16.4^b ±0.98	15.8^c ±0.75	18.2^a^,^d ±1
Brain (mg/g)	TL	150.9 ±7.3	134.2^a ±9	220.5^a ±11.3	208.5^a ±7.9	255.9^a ±10	183^a^,^b ±6.4	186.4^a^,^c ±6.2	198.9^a^,^d ±8.3
	TC	64.2 ±1.5	59.6 ±1.9	108.2^a ±3	96.8^a ±2.2	119^a ±3.8	88.4^a^,^b ±2.8	73.9^a^,^c ±3.1	98.5^a^,^d ±4
	TG	47.4 ±1.4	44.8 ±1.5	86.9^a ±2.6	73.7^a ±1.9	88.6^a ±2.2	57.4^a^,^b ±2	49.3^c ±1.9	62.5^a^,^d ±3.2

Data are presented as mean ±S.E. of six rats.

^a Significantly different from control rats group at P < 0.05.

^b Significantly different from AlCl₃ rats group at P < 0.05.

^c Significantly different from NaF rats group at P < 0.05.

^d Significantly different from AlCl₃+NaF rats group at P < 0.05 using one way (Tukey's tests) ANOVA test.

Table 2 Changes in brain monoamine neurotransmitters (DA, 5-HT and NE), enzymes activity (AChE and Na-K ATPase) and ATP value in control and different treated rat groups.

Parameters	Animal groups
	Control	BBJ	AlCl3	NaF	AlCl3+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3	BBJ+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3+NaF
Dopamine (DA) (µg/g)	1.53 ±0.051	1.57 ±0.017	0.98^a ±0.061	1.1^a ±0.021	0.79^a ±0.058	1.25^a^,^b ±0.022	1.4^a^,^c ±0.045	0.91^a^,^d ±0.06
Serotonin (5-HT) (µg/g)	0.138 ±0.002	0.149 ±0.001	0.085^a ±0.003	0.13^a ±0.003	0.08^a ±0.004	0.128^b ±0.006	0.14^c ±0.004	0.105^a^,^d ±0.003
Norepinephrine(NE) (µg/g)	0.92 ±0.004	0.919 ±0.002	1.22^a ±0.012	1.11^a ±0.018	1.35^a ±0.032	1.08 ±0.012	1 ±0.022	1.19^a ±0.027
AChE (µmolSH./g/min)	5.98 ±0.08	5.96 ±0.09	3.4^a ±0.087	3.6^a ±0.084	2.86^a ±0.123	5.3^a^,^b ±0.066	5.8^c ±0.084	4^a^,^d ±0.59
Na-K ATPase (µmolpi./min/mg)	0.273 ±0.009	0.313 ±0.012	0.12^a ±0.018	0.13^a ±0.008	0.094^a ±0.01	0.22^a^,^b ±0.008	0.258^c ±0.004	0.185^a^,^d ±0.005
ATP (ng/g)	0.55 ±0.01	0.56 ±0.009	0.41^a ±0.02	0.47^a ±0.02	0.34^a ±0.02	0.52^b ±0.01	0.57^c ±0.01	0.39^a^,^d ±0.02

Data are presented as mean ±S.E. of six rats.

^a Significantly different from control rats group at P < 0.05.

^b Significantly different from AlCl₃ rats group at P < 0.05.

^c Significantly different from NaF rats group at P < 0.05.

^d Significantly different from AlCl₃+NaF rats group at P < 0.05 using one way (Tukey's tests) ANOVA test.

Table 3 Changes in brain oxidative stress (MDA, H₂O₂ and NO), free radical enzyme (XO) and antioxidant parameters (TAC, SOD and GSH) in control and different treated rat groups.

Parameters	Animal groups
	Control	BBJ	AlCl3	NaF	AlCl3+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3	BBJ+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3 +NaF
MDA (nM/g)	236.8 ±2.3	204.4^a ±1.74	361.5^a ±3.3	356.5^a ±4	412.2^a ±5.6	243.6^b ±3.9	235.9^c ±3.7	311.4^a^,^d ±4.1
H2O2 (mM/g)	0.4 ±0.008	0.32^a ±0.02	0.62^a ±0.02	0.85^a ±0.012	0.69^a ±0.014	0.42^b ±0.01	0.39^c ±0.024	0.51^a^,^d ±0.017
NO (µM/g)	12 ±1.15	10.9 ±0.98	21.7^a ±1.2	22.3^a ±1.1	23.6^a ±1.2	15.5^a^,^b ±0.9	15.1^a^,^c ±0.9	18.6^a^,^d ±1.1
XO (µM/h/g)	0.165 ±0.008	0.15 ±0.009	0.26^a ±0.018	0.28^a ±0.009	0.39^a ±0.019	0.19^b ±0.011	0.17^c ±0.011	0.22^a^,^d ±0.013
TAC (mM/g)	736.1 ±4.5	822.5^a ±5	437.2^a ±3.8	489.8^a ±2.8	346.5^a ±4.2	706.7^b ±7.3	756.3^c ±5.1	590.7^a^,^d ±3.3
SOD (U/g)	188.6 ±1.3	188.9 ±1.2	159.2^a ±2.1	164.5^a ±2	145.3^a ±1.6	179.4^b ±2.3	183.1^c ±3.3	158.3^a^,^d ±4
GSH (mg/g)	6.13 ±0.1	6.9^a ±0.07	4.3^a ±0.12	4.67^a ±0.16	3.62^a ±0.13	5.52^a^,^b ±0.09	6.15^c ±0.18	4.8^a^,^d ±0.18

Data are presented as mean ±S.E. of six rats.

^a Significantly different from control rats group at P < 0.05.

^b Significantly different from AlCl₃ rats group at P < 0.05.

^c Significantly different from NaF rats group at P < 0.05.

^d Significantly different from AlCl₃+NaF rats group at P < 0.05 using one way (Tukey's tests) ANOVA test.

Table 4 Changes in serum electrolyte concentration in control and different treated rat groups.

Parameters	Animal groups
	Control	BBJ	AlCl3	NaF	AlCl3+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3	BBJ+NaF	BBJ+AlCl3 +NaF
Na (mEq/L)	132 ±0.7	134 ±1.3	124.4^a ±1.28	124.9^a ±0.9	119.2^a ±1.3	126.8^b ±1.1	131 ^c ±1.2	125.8^d ±0.99
K (mEq/L)	3.2 ±0.04	3^a ±0.05	4.5^a ±0.04	4.2^a ±0.02	4.9^a ±0.06	4^a^,^b ±0.07	3.8^a^,^c ±0.06	4.2^a^,^d ±0.03
Ca (mg/dl)	9 ±0.09	9.1 ±0.09	6.4^a ±0.13	7.1^a ±0.09	5.9^a ±0.18	8^a^,^b ±0.14	8.2^a^,^c ±0.14	7^a^,^d ±0.12
Cu (µg/dl)	82.6 ±1.6	85.2 ±2.2	71.3^a ±3	67.3^a ±1.3	62.6^a ±2.8	80.7^b ±0.94	81.6^c ±1.4	76^a^,^d ±2.3
Zn (µg/dl)	114.2 ±2.5	115.4 ±1.5	81.63^a ±2.2	91.12^a ±3.6	73.53^a ±3.8	101.4^a^,^b ±2.5	109.2^c ±3.4	92.5^a^,^d ±3.1

Data are presented as mean ±S.E. of six rats.

^a Significantly different from control rats group at P < 0.05.

^b Significantly different from AlCl₃ rats group at P < 0.05.

^c Significantly different from NaF rats group at P < 0.05.

^d Significantly different from AlCl₃+NaF rats group at P < 0.05 using one way (Tukey's tests) ANOVA test.