Vegetation structure and soil characteristics of five common geophytes in desert of Egypt

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Map of Egypt showing the location of study area.

Table 1 Long-term averages (≥20 years) of the climatic records at four stations in northern sector of the Nile Delta and Galalah Desert [26].

Meteorological variable	Baltim		Damietta		Cairo		Suez
	31° 33′ N, 31° 05′ E		31° 25′ N, 31° 48′ E		30° 03′ N, 31° 15′E		30° 70′ N, 32° 34′ E
	Range	Mean	Range	Mean	Range	Mean	Range	Mean
Minimum air temperature (°C)	11.2–23.6	17.3	8.4–21.4	15.4	8.8–21.8	15.6	10.4–24.1	17.6
Maximum air temperature (°C)	17.4–29.7	24.0	18.3–31.0	24.9	19.0–34.9	28.0	19.2–34.6	27.6
Mean air temperature (°C)	14.4–26.5	20.5	12.8–25.7	19.6	13.6–27.7	21.4	14.7–28.9	15.8
Relative humidity (%)	65.0–73.0	69.0	68–76	72	42–61	53	42–56	51
Evaporation (mm/day)	3.3–5.6	4.6	2.8–5.4	4.1	7.4–17	11.8	7.4–15.4	11.5
Rainfall (mm/month)	0.0–46.6	–	0.0–25.5	–	0.0–6.6	–	0.0–6.2

Fig. 2 Plant life form spectra in the different habitats of the study area. For life form abbreviations, see Appendix.

Fig. 3 Chorotype spectrum diagram of the coastal and inland desert. For chorotype abbreviations, see Appendex.

Fig. 4 Dendrogram showing cluster analysis of the studied 95 stands, with the 6 vegetation groups (A-D2) separated.

Table 2 Species composition of the obtained 6 vegetation groups in 95 sites in the two phytogeographical regions. Species in bold are the geophyte plants.

Vegetation groups	A	B	C1	C2	D1	D2
Size of groups	4	9	9	27	24	22
Total number of species	33	47	44	57	61	50
Species present in 6 groups
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Wild.	1.82	4.34	10.88	6.89	8.27	8.49
Hordium murinum L.	10.82	9.20	8.70	2.81	0.71	1.55
Species present in 5 groups
Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr	0.66	–	2.18	1.41	0.72	3.44
Cakile maritima Scop.	–	0.93	1.41	3.08	3.36	4.81
Echinops spinosus L.	1.10	4.75	–	7.86	20.40	16.65
Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip.	–	12.26	8.68	16.76	6.04	6.03
Poa annua L.	–	2.89	2.23	1.03	2.76	0.74
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth	–	5.43	0.54	2.78	5.06	0.33
Rumex pictus Forssk.	–	1.34	8.77	16.28	14.91	12.78
Salsola kali L.	–	0.58	1.04	0.91	1.01	1.13
Senecio glaucus L.	–	2.09	10.35	12.01	10.19	13.75
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L.	–	1.68	1.75	0.31	1.17	0.08
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.	–	1.28	4.13	0.46	2.74	0.18
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge	–	2.51	6.87	2.27	6.14	5.64
Species present in 4 groups
Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.	–	–	7.27	1.64	3.81	0.50
Bassia indica (Wight) Scott.	–	1.26	–	0.71	0.20	1.89
Bromus diandrus Roth	–	–	5.41	2.35	3.04	1.61
Carthamus tenuis (Boiss & Blanche) Bornm.	–	–	0.92	0.84	1.11	1.30
Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth.	–	–	2.72	8.06	1.37	4.41
Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp. comosum (L' Her.) Soskov	–	–	9.51	21.60	3.06	17.44
Cyperus capitatus Vand.	–	–	13.65	0.95	13.49	7.96
Daucus litoralis Sm.	–	–	2.69	7.53	1.15	0.58
Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem. ex Melderis	–	–	5.45	20.02	11.40	3.11
Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl.	–	–	0.58	3.30	5.20	6.69
Pancratium maritimum L.	–	–	2.33	1.55	0.97	1.26
Lotus halophilus Boiss.	–	–	5.48	7.46	0.12	4.58
Zygophllum album L.	–	–	5.49	7.73	1.42
Zygophyllum aegyptium Hosny	–	–	2.28	0.97	0.11	6.25
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.	–	–	4.67	0.40	1.46	0.32
Species present in 3 groups
Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Jaub. & Spach	–	–	4.89	0.75	8.99	–
Alhagi graecorum Boiss.	–	–		0.49	9.60	1.40
Anchusa humilis (Desf.) I.M. Johnst.	–	–	0.80	1.35	0.71	–
Brassica tournefortii Gouan.	–	–	4.18	0.84	1.78	–
Chenopodium murale L.	–	–		0.26	0.15	0.24
Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb.	–	–	16.52	0.55	–	7.45
Cyondon dactylon (L.) Pers.	15.65	–	–	–	10.66	2.15
Ononis serrata Forssk.	–	–	–	0.65	2.37	2.44
Silene succulenta Forssk.	–	–	–	0.11	1.32	8.12
Silene vivianii Steud.	–	–	–	2.35	0.36	1.76
Panicum turgidum Forssk.	1.65	23.88	–	3.15	–	–
Paronychia arabica (L.) DC.	–	–	–	3.20	0.08	0.15
Stipagrostis lanata (Forssk) De Winter	–	–	–	8.03	8.61	6.34
Zygophyllum coccineum L.	12.56	7.35	5.05	–	–	–
Retama raetam (Forssk.)Webb & Berthel.	–	5.71	–	–	2.24	0.37
Species present in 2 groups
Artemisia judiaca L.	3.12	3.73	–	–	–	–
Astragalus fruticosus Forssk.	–	–	–	–	0.28	1.58
Astragalus peregrinus Vahl	–	–	0.61		0.70	–
Atriplex semibaccata R.Br.	–	–	–	0.49	0.25	–
Bassia muricata (L.) Asch.	–	–	–	–	0.24	0.60
Carduus getulus Pomel.	–	–	–	2.03	4.12	–
Carduus pycnocephalus L.	–	–	–	0.26	1.03	–
Centaurea aegyptiaca L.	11.46	4.69	–	–	–	–
Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout.	–	–	–	0.13	0.44	–
Cressa cretica L.	–	–	–	–	0.24	0.20
Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC.	2.69	8.70	–	–	–	–
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.	5.05	–	–	–	–	–
Echium angustifolium Mill.	–	–	1.08	0.36	–	–
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.	–	–	–	–	0.47	0.30
Euphorbia retusa Forssk.	3.24	1.16	–	–	–	–
Farsetia aegyptia Turra.	1.77	3.27	–	–	–	–
Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass.	3.70	3.85	–	–	–	–
Gypsophila capillaris (Forssk.) C.Chr	2.61	2.05	–	–	–	–
Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.)Asch. & Schweinf.	3.93	0.90	–	–	–	–
Lactuca serriola L.	–	–	–	0.33	0.77	–
Lasiurus scindicus Henrard.	11.20	3.66	–	–	–	–
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.	8.30	7.52	–	–	–	–
Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze.	2.40	8.03	–	–	–	–
Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort.	–	–	1.24	0.52	–	–
Limonium pruinosum (L.) Chaz.	–	–	14.82	4.28	–	–
Lolium perenne L.	–	–			3.59	11.14
Lotus polyphllos E.D.Clarke	–	–	1.17	1.34	–	–
Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.	1.32	2.21	–	–	–	–
Nauplius graveolens (Forssk.) Wilklund	1.74	1.52	–	–	–	–
Parapholis incurve (L) C.E.Hubb	–	–	1.07	–	0.29	–
Phoenix dactylifera L.	–	–	2.92	1.60	–	–
Picris asplenioides L.	–	–	4.46	6.38	–	–
Plantago squarrosa Murray	–	–	4.38	–	4.00	–
Sonchus oleraceus L.	–	–	–	0.31	–	0.05
Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.	–	–	3.60	0.73	–	–
Trigonella stellata Forssk.	12.24	6.23	–	–	–	–
Urospermum picroides (L.) F.W.Schmidt	–	–	–	–	0.31	0.51
Volutaria lippii (L.) DC.	1.80	5.40	–	–	–	–
Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl.	5.56	21.15	–	–	–	–
Zygophyllum decumbens Delile	3.26	4.22	–	–	–	–
Zygophyllum simplex L.	7.59	1.54	–	–	–	–
Species present in one group
Alkanna lehmanii (Tin.) A.DC.	–	0.33	–	–	–	–
Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl.	–	–	–	–	0.30	–
Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile	–	4.40	–	–	–	–
Cynanchum acutum L.	–	–	–	–	3.57	–
Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb.	–	–	–	–	–	5.86
Fagonia mollis Delile	2.77	–	–	–	–	–
Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.)Bunge ex Boiss.	–	2.53	–	–	–	–
Heliotropium curassavicum L.	–	–	–	–	0.36	–
Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay	–	1.71	–	–	–	–
Juncus bufonius L.	–		–	0.22	–	–
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.)Nάbelek.	–	1.06	–	–	–	–
Launaea capitata (Spreng) Dandy	2.75	–	–	–	–	–
Lavandula coronopifolia Poir.	5.83	–	–	–	–	–
Lobularia arabica (Boiss.) Muschl.	–	–	–	–	0.27	–
Lotus creticus L.	–	–	–	–	0.25	–
Lotus glinoides Delile	–	2.02	–	–	–	–
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC.	–	1.52	–	–	–	–
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I. M. Johnst.	–	–	–	–	–	7.94
Ochradenus baccatus Delile	44.76	–	–	–	–	–
Orobanche crenata Forssk.	–	1.26	–	–	–
Phalaris minor Retz.	–	–	–	–	–	0.39
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A.Mey.	3.73	–	–	–	–	–
Reseda decursiva Forssk.	–	0.72	–	–	–	–
Ricinus communis L.	–		–	–	–	1.71
Rumex vesicarius L.	–	0.41	–	–	–	–
Sisymbrium irio L.	–	–	–	0.30	–	–
Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.	–	–	2.01	–	–	–
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C.Presl.	–	0.58	–	–	–	–
Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb.	–	–	–	–	0.26	–
Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth	–	–	6.01	–	–	–
Stipagrostis scoparia (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter	–	–	–	–	–	2.83
Suaeda monoica Forssk.	–	0.55	–	–	–	–
Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst.	1.00	–	–	–	–	–
Trichodesma africanum (L.) R.Br.	1.95	–	–	–	–	–

Table 3 Mean values, standard error (±SE) and ANOVA values of the soil variables in the vegetation groups (A-D2) of the study area. EC = Electrical conductivity, OC = Organic carbon, ns = not significant at P < 0.05. *: Values are significant at P < 0.05, **: Values are significant at P < 0.01, ***: Values are significant at P < 0.001.

Soil variables		Mean	TWINSPAN vegetation groups						F-ratio
			A	B	C1	C2	D1	D2
pH		8.11 ± 0.19	8.45 ± 0.20	7.95 ± 0.10	8.35 ± 0.26	7.96 ± 0.07	7.96 ± 0.11	7.99 ± 0.11	1.0^ns
EC mS.cm^−1		1.39 ± 0.20	0.28 ± 0.07	0.71 ± 0.20	1.83 ± 0.35	0.66 ± 0.12	0.81 ± 0.12	0.70 ± 0.15	1.87**
Sand	%	74.05 ± 1.25	72.03 ± 4.12	92.08 ± 1.54	90.48 ± 0.58	91.90 ± 0.36	91.80 ± 0.45	92.17 ± 0.45	0.22^ns
Silt		10.10 ± 1.46	7.75 ± 4.08	4.60 ± 1.36	5.20 ± 0.56	4.69 ± 0.30	4.73 ± 0.42	4.29 ± 0.37	0.15^ns
Clay		3.66 ± 0.22	4.27 ± 0.16	3.37 ± 0.22	4.31 ± 0.61	3.41 ± 0.17	3.47 ± 0.14	3.54 ± 0.14	0.59^ns
WHC		28.80 ± 2.25	31.03 ± 2.52	31.33 ± 1.18	34.54 ± 2.23	33.63 ± 0.96	42.87 ± 7.74	33.30 ± 1.04	1.87^ns
CaCO3		5.42 ± 0.91	6.42 ± 2.62	5.24 ± 1.00	3.88 ± 0.50	3.55 ± 0.15	4.97 ± 1.00	4.00 ± 0.44	0.63*
OC		0.46 ± 0.10	0.33 ± 0.07	0.30 ± 0.03	0.66 ± 0.10	0.48 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.03	0.52 ± 0.05	3.31*
Cl^−		1.32 ± 0.23	0.81 ± 0.57	0.53 ± 0.21	1.80 ± 0.19	1.71 ± 0.10	1.59 ± 0.15	1.46 ± 0.16	2.33**
SO4^2−		0.91 ± 0.14	0.55 ± 0.39	0.32 ± 0.09	1.23 ± 0.13	1.17 ± 0.07	1.14 ± 0.09	1.06 ± 0.10	2.27*
HCO3^−		0.26 ± 0.09	0.30 ± 0.18	0.38 ± 0.12	0.19 ± 0.06	0.08 ± 0.01	0.25 ± 0.08	0.37 ± 0.12	0.71**
Na^+	mg/100g dry soil	92.66 ± 23.92	30.66 ± 4.28	59.62 ± 14.06	187.05 ± 66.37	61.76 ± 9.05	111.36 ± 21.42	105.50 ± 28.32	2.14***
K^+		12.99 ± 3.31	4.52 ± 0.50	8.88 ± 1.88	26.30 ± 10.32	7.93 ± 1.09	16.36 ± 2.78	13.96 ± 3.27	1.64**
Ca^2+		24.01 ± 6.92	6.36 ± 1.35	14.31 ± 3.95	47.41 ± 17.44	14.32 ± 2.29	33.34 ± 8.29	28.30 ± 8.20	1.60**
Mg^2+		10.22 ± 2.42	3.94 ± 0.63	6.68 ± 1.39	17.19 ± 4.79	6.77 ± 0.90	13.99 ± 3.44	12.73 ± 3.39	1.63**
Species richness		1.02 ± 0.	0.87 ± 0.32	0.82 ± 0.24	0.96 ± 0.35	1.17 ± 0.74	1.42 ± 0.52	0.89 ± 0.34	3.03*
Shannon–Wiener index		3.19 ±	2.87 ± 0.65	3.18 ± 0.55	3.52 ± 0.34	3.87 ± 0.22	3.20 ± 0.61	3.23 ± 0.33	0.84^ns

Fig. 5 DCA ordination diagram of the 95 sites on axes 1 and 2 within vegetation groups (A-D2).

Fig. 6 CCA ordination diagram of the first two axes showing the distribution of the plant species with soil variables in the study area.

Table 4 Simple linear correlation coefficients between studied geophytes and soil variable. EC = Electrical conductivity, OC = Organic carbon. *: Values are significant at P < 0.05, **: Values are significant at P < 0.01.

Species	Edaphic factors
	Sand	Silt	Clay	Porosity	WHC	CaCO3	OC	pH	EC	Cl^−	SO4^−	HCO3	Na^+	K^+	Ca^2+	Mg^2+
Cyperus capitatus	0.019	0.001	−0.062	0.072	0.093	0.240*	−0.009	0.087	0.144	0.048	0.114	0.161	0.298**	0.280**	0.334**	0.336**
Cyperus conglomeratus	0.087	−0.11	0.041	−0.13	−0.052	−0.081	0.000	−0.031	−0.016	0.021	0.062	0.386**	−0.103	−0.102	−0.1	−0.095
Elymus farctus	0.046	−0.033	−0.052	−0.014	−0.042	−0.168	−0.035	−0.065	−0.069	0.131	0.119	−0.219*	−0.129	−0.144	−0.147	−0.152
Lasiurus scindicus	0.081	−0.115	0.071	−0.061	−0.068	0.006	−0.177	−0.026	−0.047	−0.223*	−0.301**	0.035	−0.1	−0.097	−0.097	−0.106
Panicum turgidum	−0.009	0.054	−0.126	−0.124	−0.057	0.083	−0.300**	−0.038	−0.068	−0.364**	−0.418**	0.033	−0.135	−0.133	−0.133	−0.133

Table

Family	Species	Phytogeographical regions		Duration	Life forms	Chorotype	P%
		Coastal desert	Inland desert
Aizoaceae	Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+ES+SA	13.68
	Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+ES	16.84
Amaryllidaceae	Pancratium maritimum L.	+	−	Perennial	G	ME	10.53
Apiaceae	Daucus litoralis Sm.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME	13.68
	Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	7.37
Arecaceae	Phoenix dactylifera L.	+	−	Perennial	MMPh	Cult.	3.16
Asclepiadaceae	Cynanchum acutum L.	+	+	Perennial	H	ME+IT	4.21
Asteraceae	Artemisia judiaca L.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	3.16
	Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr.	+	+	Perennial	H	ME+ SA	25.26
	Carduus getulus Pomel.	+	−	Annual	Th	SA	13.68
	Carduus pycnocephalus L.	+	−	Annual	Th	SA	4.21
	Carthamus tenuis (Boiss & Blanche) Bornm.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME	10.53
	Centaurea aegyptiaca L.	−	+	Biennial	Th	SA	11.58
	Echinops spinosus L.	+	+	Perennial	H	ME+SA	52.63
	Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA+SZ	2.11
	Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip.	+	+	Annual	Th	SA	53.68
	Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	3.16
	Lactuca serriola L.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT+ES	3.16
	Launaea capitata (Spreng) Dandy	−	+	Biennial	Th	SA+ SZ	1.05
	Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl.	+	+	Perennial	H	ME+SA	31.58
	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.	+	+	Perennial	H	SA	12.63
	Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	6.32
	Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	ME+ES+SA	2.11
	Nauplius graveolens (Forssk.) Wilklund	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	2.11
	Picris asplenioides L.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT	7.37
	Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A.Mey.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	1.05
	Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT	29.47
	Senecio glaucus L.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT+SA	74.74
	Sonchus oleraceus L.	+	−	Annual	Th.	COSM	2.11
	Urospermum picroides (L.) F.W.Schmidt	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT	2.11
	Volutaria lippii (L.) DC.		+	Annual	Th	SA	6.32
Boraginaceae	Alkanna lehmanii (Tin.) A.DC.	−	+	Perennial	H	ME	1.05
	Anchusa humilis (Desf.) I.M. Johnst.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+ SA	8.42
	Echium angustifolium Mill.	+	−	Perennial	H	ME	2.11
	Heliotropium curassavicum L.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	NEO	1.05
	Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I. M. Johnst.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	ME+SA+SZ	9.47
	Trichodesma africanum (L.) R.Br.	−	+	Perennial	H	SA+ SZ	2.11
Brassicaceae	Brassica tournefortii Gouan.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT+SA	5.26
	Cakile maritima Scop.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+ES	21.05
	Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	ME+ SA	3.16
	Farsetia aegyptia Turra.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA+ SZ	4.21
	Lobularia arabica (Boiss.) Muschl.	+	−	Annual	Th	SA	1.05
	Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC.	−	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT	2.11
	Sisymbrium irio L.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT+ES	1.05
	Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	8.42
Caryophyllaceae	Gypsophila capillaris (Forssk.) C.Chr	−	+	Perennial	H	SA+IT	3.16
	Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay	−	+	Annual	Th	ME+ SA	3.16
	Paronychia arabica (L.) DC.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+SA +SZ	9.47
	Silene succulenta Forssk.	+	−	Perennial	H	ME	25.26
	Silene vivianii Steud.	+	−	Annual	Th	SA	20.00
	Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.	+	−	Biennial	Th	ME+IT+ ES	2.11
	Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C.Presl.	−	+	Annual	Th	ME+ES	3.16
Chenopodiaceae	Atriplex semibaccata R.Br.	+	−	Perennial	H	AUST	2.11
	Bassia indica (Wight) Scott.	+	+	Annual	Th	SZ+IT	8.42
	Bassia muricata (L.) Asch.	+	+	Annual	Th	SA+ IT	2.11
	Chenopodium murale L.	+	+	Annual	Th	COSM	3.16
	Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	ME+IT+SA	7.37
	Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	1.05
	Salsola kali L.	+	−	Annual	Th	COSM	12.63
	Suaeda monoica Forssk.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	ME+SA	2.11
Cleomaceae	Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA + IT	2.11
Convolvulaceae	Cressa cretica L.	+	−	Perennial	H	ME+IT	2.11
Cyperaceae	Cyperus capitatus Vand.	+	−	Perennial	G	ME	41.05
	Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb.	+	−	Perennial	G	SA+SZ	12.63
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia retusa Forssk.	−	+	Perennial	H	SA	5.26
	Ricinus communis L.	+	−	Perennial	Nph	Cult. & Nat.	2.11
Fabaceae	Alhagi graecorum Boiss.	+	−	Perennial	H	ME+IT	22.11
	Astragalus fruticosus Forssk.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	SA	4.21
	Astragalus peregrinus Vahl	+	−	Annual	Th	SA	3.16
	Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA + IT	1.05
	Lotus creticus L.	+	−	Perennial	H	Me	1.05
	Lotus halophilus Boiss.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+SA	36.84
	Lotus polyphllos E.D.Clarke	+	−	Perennial		ME	5.26
	Lotus glinoides Delile	−	+	Annual	Th	SZ	4.21
	Ononis serrata Forssk.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+SA	15.79
	Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.	+	+	Perennial	Nph	SA	6.32
	Trigonella stellata Forssk.	−	+	Annual	Th	SA+IT	7.37
Geraniaceae	Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Wild.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME	47.37
Juncaceae	Juncus bufonius L.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT+ES	1.05
Lamiaceae	Lavandula coronopifolia Poir.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	1.05
Orobanchaceae	Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout.	+	−	Perennial	P, G	ME+SA	2.11
	Orobanche crenata Forssk.	−	+	Annual	Th, P	ME+IT	3.16
Plantaginaceae	Plantago squarrosa Murray	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+SA	12.63
Plumbaginaceae	Limonium pruinosum (L.) Chaz.	+	−	Perennial	G, He	SA	6.32
Poaceae	Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Jaub. & Spach	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+ SA	14.74
	Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.	+	−	Annual	Th	SA+ IT	8.42
	Bromus diandrus Roth.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME	14.74
	Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT+SA	27.37
	Cyondon dactylon (L.) Pers.	+	+	Perennial	G	COSM	16.84
	Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem. ex Melderis	+	−	Perennial	G	ME	46.32
	Hordeum murinum L.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT+ES	23.16
	Lasiurus scindicus Henrard.	−	+	Perennial	G	SA+SZ	7.37
	Lolium perenne L.	+	−	Perennial	Th	ER-SR+ME+IT	14.74
	Panicum turgidum Forssk.	+	+	Perennial	H	SA	13.68
	Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+IT+ES	3.16
	Phalaris minor Retz.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT	1.05
	Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.ex Steud.	+	+	Perennial	G, He	COSM	8.42
	Poa annua L.	+	+	Annual	Th	COSM	11.58
	Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+IT+SA	1.05
	Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth	+	+	Perennial	G	ME+SA+SZ	2.11
	Stipagrostis lanata (Forssk.)	+	−	Perennial	G	SA	37.89
	Stipagrostis scoparia (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter	+	−	Perennial	G	SA	3.16
Polygonaceae	Calligonum polygonoides L.	+	+	Perennial	Nph	SA+ IT	35.79
	Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.	+	+	Annual	Th	ME+SA	2.11
	Rumex pictus Forssk.	+	−	Annual	Th	ME+SA	68.42
	Rumex vesicarius L.	−	+	Annual	Th	ME+SA+SZ	1.05
Resedaceae	Ochradenus baccatus Delile	−	+	Perennial	Nph	SA	4.21
	Reseda decursiva Forssk.	−	+	Annual	Th	SA	1.05
Scrophulariaceae	Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nάbelek.	−	+	Perennial	Ch	ME+SA	3.16
Solanaceae	Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.	−	+	Perennial	Nph	SA+SZ	3.16
Tamaricaceae	Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge.	+	+	Perennial	Nph	SA	17.89
	Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.	−	+	Perennial	Nph	SA+SZ	2.11
	Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst.	−	+	Perennial	Nph	SA+SZ	1.05
Zygophyllaceae	Fagonia mollis Delile	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	2.11
	Zygophyllum album L.	+	−	Perennial	Ch	ME+SA	15.79
	Zygophyllum coccineum L.	+	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	12.63
	Zygophyllum aegyptium Hosny	+	−	Perennial	Ch	ME	9.47
	Zygophyllum decumbens Delile	−	+	Perennial	Ch	SA	5.26
	Zygophyllum simplex L.	−	+	Annual	Th	SA	6.32