Improvement berry color skin profile by exogenous cyanocobalamin treatment of ‘Crimson seedless’ grapevines

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of preharvest cyanocobalamin (B₁₂) application on cluster weight losses, berry shattering %, rachis browning index, Hue angle (ho), Berry firmness (N) and separating force (N) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes during four-day shelf-life at 2014 and 2015 seasons.

Treatments	Shelf-life time (days)
		D1	D2	D3	D4		D1	D2	D3	D4
Water loss %					Berry shattering %
	Treatments					Treatments
	0	0.00	5.79^a	11.95^a	22.48 ^a	0	4.48^a	20.21^a	44.06^a	52.30^a
	3	0.00	4.17^b	9.12^a	18.08^ab	3	1.63^b	12.09^b	33.89^b	48.17^a
	6	0.00	3.56^bc	9.79^a	13.14^bc	6	1.10^b	9.32^c	27.14^c	36.07^b
	9	0.00	2.89^c	7.22^a	10.76^c	9	1.00^b	5.66^d	23.11^d	30.13^b
	LSD		0.717	4.885	6.576	LSD	0.81	1.64	3.70	7.89
Rachis browning index						Hue angle (h^o)
	Treatments					Treatments
	0	1.00	1.17^a	2.61^a	4.06^a	0	108.87^a	105.60^a	95.93^a	85.64^a
	3	1.00	1.07^b	1.67^b	3.04^b	3	68.13^b	65.08^b	62.14^b	59.13^b
	6	1.00	1.00^c	1.28^c	2.95^b	6	47.88^c	46.00^c	43.48^c	40.26^c
	9	1.00	1.00^c	1.00^d	2.20^c	9	16.96^d	15.55^d	13.33^d	10.67^d
	LSD		0.06	0.23	0.16	LSD	2.19	4.56	3.82	8.20
Berry firmness (N)						Berry separation forces (N)
	Treatments					Treatments
	0	7.69^def	7.27^fg	6.06^h	4.92^i	0	6.67^d	5.89^e	4.42^h	4.25^i
	3	8.48^bc	7.95^cd	6.97^g	5.92^h	3	7.00^c	6.64^d	5.17^g	4.49^h
	6	8.62^b	8.27^bc	7.34^efg	6.38^h	6	7.45^b	7.08^c	5.61^f	5.04^g
	9	13.08^a	8.74^b	7.91^cde	7.08^g	9	7.68^a	7.43^b	5.96^e	5.56^f
	LSD 5%	0.61				LSD 5%	0.35

Means in a column are significantly different at (P < 0.05) according to the LSD. Each value represents mean of 3 replicates during two seasons of 2014 and 2015.

The superscript letters, differ (P < 0.05) according to the LSD of two way using two ways incomplete block randomize according to Duncan’s test.

Cyanocobalamin treatments at 0 mM, 3 mM, 6 mM and 9 mM were sprayed at three times.

Rachis browning was used to determine stem condition (1 = cap stem healthy; 2 = cap stem slightly brown; 3 = cap stem and secondary stem moderately brown; and 4 = cap stem, severe brown, and 5 = primary stem fully brown).

Table 2 Effect of preharvest cyanocobalamin (B₁₂) application on SSC%, AT%, SSC/AT ratio, total sugar content (TSC), ascorbic acid (AA mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and Total phenol content (TP mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes during four-day shelf-life at 2014 and 2015 seasons.

Treatments	Shelf-life time (days)
		D1	D2	D3	D4			D1	D2	D3	D4
SSC%						TA%
	Treatments						Treatments
	0	17.00^e	18.00^bcd	17.33^de	17.66^cde		0	0.77^a	0.75^ab	0.74^b	0.67^cd
	3	17.67^cde	18.33^abc	17.00^e	18.00 ^bcd		3	0.67^c	0.66^cd	0.64^d	0.61^e
	6	18.00^bcd	18.67^ab	17.00^e	18.33^abc		6	0.61^e	0.59^ef	0.57^fg	0.55^gh
	9	19.00^a	18.66^ab	17.67^cde	18.33^abc		9	0.54^h	0.54^hi	0.43^hi	0.52^i
	LSD 5%	0.89					LSD 5%	0.04
SSC/TA ratio							Total sugars (TSC%)
	Treatments						Treatments
	0	22.08^i	24.00^hi	23.42^gh	26.36^f		0	10.83^f	10.90^f	10.11^g	9.92^g
	3	26.37^gh	27.77^g	26.56^ef	29.51^de		3	12.18^cd	12.30^cd	11.74^de	11.07^ef
	6	29.51^f	31.64^cd	29.82^b	33.33^bc		6	12.86^bc	12.85^bc	12.23^cd	11.75^de
	9	35.19^cd	34.56^b	41.09^a	35.25^a		9	15.33^a	15.12^a	13.46^b	12.00^cd
	LSD 5%	1.90					LSD 5%	0.71
Ascorbic acid content (AS mg 100 g^−1 FW)							Total phenol content (TPC mg 100 g^−1 FW)
	Treatments						Treatments
	0	1.96^h	1.66^i	1.29^j	1.10^k		0	0.26^ab	0.23^cd	0.23^d	0.154^e
	3	2.11^h	2.00^h	1.58^i	1.35^j		3	0.27^ab	0.26^abc	0.25^bcd	0.23^d
	6	2.85^e	2.47^f	2.26^g	2.07^h		6	0.27^ab	0.26^ab	0.26^abc	0.25^bcd
	9	3.96^a	3.73^b	3.41^c	3.00^d		9	0.28^a	0.27^ab	0.26^ab	0.26^abc
	LSD	0.18					LSD	0.03

Means in a column are significantly different at (P < 0.05) according to LSD. Each value represents mean of 3 replicates during two seasons of 2014 and 2015. The superscript letters, differ (P < 0.05) according to the LSD of two way using two ways incomplete block randomize according to Duncan’s test.

Table 3 Effect of preharvest cyanocobalamin (B₁₂) application on β-Carotene (β-Car), Total chlorophyll _{a and b} (Chl_ab), and Total anthocyanin content (TAC) of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes during four-day shelf-life at 2014 and 2015 seasons.

Treatments		Shelf-life time (days)
		D1	D2	D3	D4
β-Carotene content (CAR mg 100 g^−1 FW)
	Treatments
	0	1.30^h	1.96^d	1.59^g	1.12^i
	3	1.99^d	2.15^c	1.85^e	1.34^h
	6	2.11^c	2.30^b	1.99^d	1.54^g
	9	2.28^b	2.53^a	2.11^c	1.69^f
	LSD	0.14
Chlorophyll (Chlab mg 100 g^−1 FW)
	Treatments
	0	1.12^a	0.94^b	0.80^cd	0.66^f
	3	0.94^b	0.84^c	0.77^de	0.64^fg
	6	0.85^c	0.78^de	0.73^e	0.60^g
	9	0.64^fg	0.63^fg	0.54^h	0.48^i
	LSD	0.05
Total anthocyanin content (TAC mg 100 g^−1 FW)
	Treatments
	0	16.43^gh	17.80^fg	14.69^h	10.43^i
	3	19.95^e	20.92^e	16.58^gh	12.14^i
	6	25.84^c	30.66^b	19.55^ef	15.76^gh
	9	36.11^a	37.70^a	23.66^d	15.50^h
	LSD	2.98

Means in a column are significantly different at (P < 0.05) according to LSD. Each value represents mean of 3 replicates during two seasons of 2014 and 2015. The superscript letters, differ (P < 0.05) according to the LSD of two way using two ways incomplete block randomize according to Duncan’s test.