Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities of Lophira procera A. Chev. (Ochnaceae) medicinal plant from Gabon

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Lophira procera A. Chev. (Ochnaceae). Synonym Lophira alata Banks ex CF Gaertn. Photo taken in a forest of Douala, a village in the town Mitzic/Gabon (Ngoua-Meye-Misso, 2016).

Table 1 Results of the preliminary phytochemical screening.

Chemical Groups		Wat	Wat-eth	Eth
Saponosids		+++	+	–
Polyphenols		+++	+++	+++
Sterols and triterpenes		+++	+++	+++
Oses and holosides		+++	+++	+++
Tannins	Gallics	++	++	++
	Catechics	+++	+++	+++
Alkaloids		+++	+++	+++
Cyanidins	Flavons	++	+	+
	Flavanons	–	–	–
	Flavonols	–	–	–
	Flavanonols	–	–	–
Total flavonoids		+++	+++	–
Anthocyans		–	+++	–
Proanthocyanidins		+++	+++	+++
Anthracenics		+	+	+
Coumarins		+++	+++	+++
Cardiac glycosides	Digitoxins	–	–	+++
	Digitoxigenins	–	–	–
	Gitoxins	+++	+++	–
	Gitoxigenins	–	–	–
Reducing sugar		+++	+++	+++

+++ = Very abundant; ++ = Abundant; + = not abundant; - = Not Detected.

Wat = water; Eth = ethanol; Wat-Eth = water-ethanol.

Table 2 Results of phenolic compounds dosage.

Phenolic compounds	Water	Water-ethanol	Ethanol
TPC* (mgGAE/g of extract)	4205.333 ± 6.666	3446.444 ± 8.388	3373.111 ± 5.091
TFC (mgEQ/g of extract)	730.093 ± 1.362	688.010 ± 1.831	644.364 ± 1.262
TTC (mgTAE/g of extract)	3025.777 ± 2.222	3163.555 ± 1.111	3298.370 ± 1.697
TPC (mgAPE/g of extract)	4589.888 ± 7.515	5091.000 ± 6.009	5178.777 ± 2.545

TPC* = Total phenolic content; TFC = Total flavonoid content; TTC = Total Tannins Content; TPC = Total Proanthocyanidins Content.

Table 3 Results of antioxidant activity of extracts from Lophira procera.

Samples	Antioxidant activity DPPH assay		Total antioxidant capacities
	IC50 (µg/mL)	IAA	VtCE (mg)/g dry extract	QE (mg)/g dry extract	BHTE (mg)/g dry extract
Eth ext	5.452 ± 0.119	9.173 ± 0.203	85.673 ± 0.727	52.462 ± 0.562	350.515 ± 3.502
Wat-Eth ext	6.346 ± 0.544	7.919 ± 0.711	117.686 ± 0.202	77.231 ± 0.156	504.758 ± 0.974
Wat ext	11.521 ± 0.463	4.344 ± 0.178	50.264 ± 0.499	25.066 ± 0.386	179.909 ± 2.405
BHT	6.59 ± 0.301	7.58 ± 0.567
Vitamin C	7.12 ± 0.605	7.02 ± 0.678

Wat ext = water extract; Eth ext = ethanol extract; Wat-Eth extract = water-ethanol extract.

VtCE = Vitamin C equivalent; QE = Quercetin equivalent; BHTE = BHT equivalent.

Table 4 Effect of Lophira procera A. Chev. and diclofenac sodium against protein denaturation.

	Aq ext. of L. procera		Diclofenac sodium
	Conc. (µg/mL)	% Inhibition	Conc. (µg/mL)	% Inhibition
	500	4360 ± 1.078	2500	2410 ± 1.508
	250	2170 ± 1.891	1250	1160 ± 0.970
	125	1040 ± 0.901	625	490 ± 0.609
	62.5	590 ± 0.709	312.5	200 ± 0.048
	31.25	230 ± 0.531	156.25	20 ± 0.002
Equation	Y = 8.746X–16.667		Y = 1.018X–130.830
R^2	0.999		0.999
IC50 (µg/mL)	16.952 ± 1.897		177.819 ± 0.374

Aq ext = aqueous extract; L. procera = Lophira procera; Conc. = concentration.

Fig. 2 Inhibition of blood-vessels formation on the CAM by the aqueous extract of Lophira procera. The CAM of an 8 days old chick embryo was separately exposed to PBS (control). Extracts were introduced on top of the CAMs. After 48 h of incubation, the CAM tissue directly beneath each filter disc was resected, and digital images of the CAM sections were captured. (a) shows two zones: a vascularized zone around the disc and another avascularized zone, where the disc imbibed with extract has been deposited; (b) control (PBS); (c) water extracted at 62.5 μg/mL; (d) water extracted at 125 μg/mL; (e) water extracted at 250 μg/mL; and (f) water extracted at 500 μg/mL.

Table 5 Antiangiogenic effect of water extract from Lophira procera.

	Dose µg/mL per eggs	Tested eggs (n)	Embryos status after 48 h	Mean vessels nombers	Inhibition (%)
PBS (control)		4	Living	7 ± 0.096	0
Lophira procera	62.5	4	Living	3 ± 0.070	57.142 ± 0.124
	125	4	Living	2 ± 0.007	71.428 ± 0.106
	250	4	Living	1 ± 0.005	85.714 ± 0.029
	500	4	Living	0	100

Table 5 shows the effect of aqueous extract on neovascularization of CAM. The extract, taken at different concentrations, has an inhibitory action and the percentage of inhibition increases with the dose. The statue of embryo after 48 h gives information on the toxicity or not of the extract. If the embryo dies, the extract is toxic otherwise the extract is non-toxic. Here there was no dead embryo so up to 500 μg/mL, aqueous extract of Lophira procera A. Chev is not toxic.