Oxidative stress changes observed in selected organs of African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) exposed to sodium metavanadate

Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Effect of sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation (C) and reduced glutathione (D) in the brain of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 1 Brain anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assays	3 days control & exposure groups		7 ays control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPX	136.59 ± 18.35	121.48 ± 15.83^a	112.83 ± 17.40	111.96 ± 14.82	134.22 ± 1.14	101.73 ± 14.16^c
GST	0.05 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.01 ^a	0.07 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.02^b	0.08 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.04^c
SOD	18.11 ± 1.96	16.59 ± 1.09	15.60 ± 1.50	15.24 ± 2.09	18.14 ± 0.55	14.28 ± 2.04^c
PT	37.56 ± 6.22	30.64 ± 5.15 ^a	37.64 ± 3.20	36.59 ± 4.92	32.92 ± 2.58	27.68 ± 1.98^c
NPT	11.89 ± 1.47	11.96 ± 1.59	9.86 ± 1.79	10.47 ± 1.08	8.58 ± 0.55	14.97 ± 5.14^c

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.

Fig. 2 Effect of Sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation(C), and reduced glutathione (D) in the kidney of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 2 Renal anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assay	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPx	186.93 ± 107.94	83.32 ± 8.70 ^a	108.98 ± 22.48	86.56 ± 10.12^b	68.65 ± 3.76	67.25 ± 0.22
GST	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01
SOD	24.17 ± 12.79	10.82 ± 1.13 ^a	14.88 ± 2.44	10.97 ± 1.26^b	9.22 ± 0.48	8.86 ± 0.15
PT	44.52 ± 3.26	27.66 ± 3.76	47.16 ± 6.76	25.18 ± 5.72^b	66.20 ± 52.58	24.07 ± 5.86^c
NPT	9.10 ± 0.60	20.92 ± 4.95 ^a	7.22 ± 1.19	19.02 ± 2.78^b	7.15 ± 0.81	7.25 ± 0.53

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.

Fig. 3 Effect of Sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation(C), and reduced glutathione (D) in the testis of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 3 Testis anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assays	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPx	164.9 ± 40.6	95.17 ± 7.40 ^a	140.67 ± 28.76	81.26 ± 7.38^b	84.20 ± 8.80	82.42 ± 0.14
GST	0.09 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.008 ^a	0.13 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.01^b	0.15 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.01^c
SOD	22.46 ± 5.89	12.86 ± 0.56 ^a	20.99 ± 0.51	10.58 ± 1.12^b	11.39 ± 1.23	10.71 ± 0.13
PT	64.12 ± 12.50	33.24 ± 2.68 ^a	47.16 ± 5.57	29.21 ± 7.19^b	39.34 ± 2.49	29.13 ± 10.87^c
NPT	3.11 ± 0.58	5.77 ± 0.88 ^a	4.66 ± 2.20	5.04 ± 1.04^b	2.76 ± 0.42	6.77 ± 0.26

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.

Fig. 4 Effect of sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation (C) and reduced glutathione (D) in the liver of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 4 Hepatic anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assay	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPx	57.02 ± 11.09	21.24 ± 5.62 ^a	56.10 ± 3.26	36.37 ± 18.91^b	75.52 ± 3.59	27.89 ± 3.43^c
GST	0.026 ± 0.03	0.003 ± 0.015 ^a	0.04 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.07	0.095 ± 0.026	0.05 ± 0.007^c
SOD	8.21 ± 1.24	3.42 ± 0.67 ^a	7.48 ± 0.46	5.09 ± 2.42	10.20 ± 0.56	4.21 ± 0.42^c
PT	55.67 ± 5.33	34.76 ± 4.07 ^a	60.12 ± 9.88	44.49 ± 10.87^b	47.97 ± 12.09	41.42 ± 0.71^c
NPT	10.45 ± 1.50	13.38 ± 4.04 ^a	8.22 ± 1.24	8.55 ± 2.81	6.28 ± 1.44	8.16 ± 0.45^c

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.

Fig. 5 Effect of sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation (C) and reduced glutathione (D) in the spleen of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 5 Splenic anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assay	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPx	159.94 ± 12.29	144.858 ± 9.86	150.58 ± 42.14	111.98 ± 26.83^b	193.68 ± 0.64	80.71 ± 40.26^c
GST	0.09 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.01 ^a	0.13 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.15 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.01^c
SOD	21.21 ± 2.31	12.86 ± 0.56 ^a	21.56 ± 4.93	10.58 ± 1.12^b	11.39 ± 1.23	10.71 ± 0.13
PT	43.36 ± 10.50	39.38 ± 4.16	46.08 ± 5.04	39.59 ± 5.85	49.52 ± 5.31	38.17 ± 1.90^c
NPT	8.37 ± 1.50	15.22 ± 8.10	7.81 ± 0.82	9.18 ± 2.21	6.23 ± 0.68	6.28 ± 0.61

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.

Fig. 6 Effect of Sodium metavanadate on Malondialdehyde formation (A), Protein carbonyl (B), Hydrogen peroxide generation (C), and reduced glutathione (D) in the lungs of exposed African giant rats at three different time points compared to controls. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) while NS indicates no significant difference when treated groups were compared to the controls.

Table 6 Lung anti-oxidant enzyme profile, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) following vanadium exposure to African giant rat at three different time points.

Biochemical assay	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	C3	T3	C7	T7	C14	T14
GPx	142.86 ± 38.75	125.41 ± 14.40	91.86 ± 20.84	80.19 ± 22.5	99.94 ± 0.54	70.64 ± 18.87
GST	0.03 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.00	0.02 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.00
SOD	17.78 ± 5.32	15.29 ± 1.64	11.49 ± 2.20	9.57 ± 2.79	12.64 ± 0.24	8.60 ± 2.19
PT	46.43 ± 9.67	39.54 ± 3.56	45.19 ± 2.47	43.48 ± 15.20	57.34 ± 15.79	39.55 ± 3.55
NPT	13.01 ± 0.63	15.84 ± 1.61	9.44 ± 2.54	15.01 ± 3.49	8.48 ± 4.85	15.44 ± 1.53

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme, total thiol (PT) and non-protein thiol (NPT) profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. No statistical significance (P < 0.05) was seen when control was compared to exposed groups at the different time points.

Table 7 Serum markers of oxidative stress following vanadium exposure.

Parameters	3 days control & exposure groups		7 days control & exposure groups		14 days control & exposure groups
	T3	C3	T7	C7	T14	C14
MPO	3.56 ± 0.87	1.28 ± 0.97	12.65 ± 0.17	2.21 ± 3.54^b	3.93 ± 0.06	0.75 ± 0.18^c
AOPP	143.51 ± 23.19	125.28 ± 25.91	115.14 ± 16.84	56.38 ± 2.15^b	137.33 ± 8.29	75.59 ± 5.42^c
NO	1.23 ± 0.20 ^a	2.39 ± 0.26	0.99 ± 0.02^b	2.25 ± 001	0.82 ± 0.04^c	2.12 ± 0.01
XO	0.007 ± 0.01	0.001 ± 0.000 ^a	0.003 ± 0.00	0.0003 ± 0.001	0.004 ± 0.00	0.001 ± 0.00^c

Effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure on anti-oxidant enzyme profile in African giant rats. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Superscript (a) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 3 days SMV exposure was compared to 3 days control; superscript (b) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 7 days SMV exposure was compared to 7 days control and superscript (c) indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05) when 14 days SMV exposure was compared to 14 days control.