Role of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract in prevention of renal toxicity induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets in rats

Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.

Figures & data

able 1 Nutritional composition of growers mash used.

Crude protein	18.00%
Fats/oil	6.00%
Crude fibre	5.00%
Calcium	1.00%
Available phosphorus	0.04%
Lysine	1.85%
Methione	0.35%
Salt (min)	0.30%
M. Energy (min)	3000 kcal/kg
Net Weight	25 kg

Source: Rainbow feed manufacturer’s label.

able 2 Effect of bitter leaf extract on serum markers of kidney function of rats fed crude petroleum contaminated diet.

Groups	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)	Na^+ (mEq/L)	K^+ (mEq/L)	Ca^+ (mEq/L)	Cl^− (mEq/L)	HCO3^− (nmolEq/L)
A	2.37 ± 0.14^a	18.79 ± 0.33^b	85.07 ± 0.72^a	5.07 ± 0.04^ac	5.86 ± 0.29^a	11.57 ± 0.27^a	1.83 ± 0.41^a
B	1.40 ± 0.04^b	15.04 ± 0.42^b	78.50 ± 0.86^b	3.39 ± 0.22^a	7.49 ± 0.22^a	9.65 ± 0.37^ab	1.72 ± 0.78^ac
C	1.03 ± 0.11^b	13.51 ± 0.26^a	75.06 ± 2.20^a	2.84 ± 0.09^b	7.80 ± 0.68^b	7.67 ± 2.21^ab	1.68 ± 0.16^ac
D	4.27 ± 0.15^c	25.25 ± 0.85^a	110.97 ± 2.30^a	7.62 ± 0.86^c	8.15 ± 0.37^b	6.25 ± 0.18^b	3.24 ± 0.04^b
E	3.31 ± 0.29^a	28.23 ± 1.10^a	86.53 ± 31.96^a	7.02 ± 0.07^c	7.6.01 ± 0.37^d	6.37 ± 0.29^b	2.46 ± 0.07^ab
F	3.41 ± 0.25^d	31.10 ± 1.50^ab	91.48 ± 6.31^a	6.78 ± 0.17^c	7.61 ± 0.73^d	5.94 ± 0.26^b	2.32 ± 0.11^bc

Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM. Values followed by different alphabet superscript in the same row indicates a significant difference.

able 3 Effect of bitter Leaf extract on lipid peroxidation and oxidative enzyme profile of rats fed crude petroleum contaminated diet.

Groups	MDA μmol mL^−1	AO Units g^−1 tissue	SO Units g^−1 tissue	MO Units g^−1 tissue	XO Units g^−1 tissue
A	40.94 ± 0.29^a	23.50 ± 1.04^a	257.00 ± 2.04^a	56.00 ± 0.82^a	53.75 ± 0.85^a
B	46.07 ± 0.24^b	28.75 ± 1.11^b	268.00 ± 1.83^b	62.50 ± 1.55^b	57.25 ± 1.11^a
C	47.18 ± 0.74^bc	33.25 ± 1.11^bc	275.00 ± 1.08^c	65.50 ± 0.65^bc	61.00 ± 1.08^b
D	47.04 ± 0.76^bc	36.50 ± 0.65^c	280.75 ± 0.85^c	70.50 ± 1.04^c	65.75 ± 0.85^c
E	45.84 ± 0.32^b	40.75 ± 1.11^c	285.75 ± 0.85^d	76.25 ± 0.85^d	74.00 ± 2.16^d
F	48.11 ± 0.21^c	45.50 ± 0.65^d	290.75 ± 0.85^d	81.00 ± 1.29^d	80.50 ± 1.19^e

Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM. Values followed by different alphabet superscript in the same column indicates a significant difference.

able 4 Effect of bitter leaf extract on levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant profile in the kidney of rats fed crude petroleum contaminated diet.

	FRAP mmol/100 mL FeSO4	GSH µmol mg^1	Vitamin C µmolmg^1
A	1.78 ± 0.04^a	0.23 ± 0.03^ac	4.56 ± 0.33^a
B	1.74 ± 0.05^a	0.28 ± 0.03^a	5.58 ± 0.19^a
C	1.70 ± 0.05^a	0.30 ± 0.03^a	6.20 ± 0.11^b
D	2.01 ± 0.04^b	0.15 ± 0.00^bc	2.05 ± 0.53^c
E	2.04 ± 0.03^b	0.16 ± 0.00^bc	2.60 ± 0.22^dc
F	2.99 ± 0.05^c	0.16 ± 0.01^bc	3.83 ± 0.10^d

Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM. Values followed by different alphabet superscript in the same row indicates a significant difference.

able 5 Effects of bitter leaf on enzymatic antioxidant profile in the kidney of rat fed crude petroleum contaminated diet.

Groups	SOD unitsg^−1 tissue	CAT μmol min^−1 g^−1tissue	GSTs µmol mg^−1 protein	GPx µmol mg^−1 protein
A	6.47 ± 0.22^a	161.05 ± 0.52^a	366.25 ± 15.14^a	0.35 ± 0.04^a
B	6.06 ± 0.16^ab	170.11 ± 6.51^a	391.50 ± 10.56^ab	0.34 ± 0.01^ac
C	6.14 ± 0.23^a	168.82 ± 2.02^a	433.00 ± 11.45^b	0.34 ± 0.05^ac
D	4.21 ± 0.11^c	138.23 ± 0.53^b	325.50 ± 13.74^c	0.23 ± 0.03^c
E	5.19 ± 0.55^b	144.16 ± 0.50^b	336.75 ± 7.19^ac	0.53 ± 0.03^b
F	6.19 ± 0.17^a	160.74 ± 1.08^a	349.75 ± 6.55^a	0.59 ± 0.03^b

Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM, Values followed by different alphabet superscript in the same column indicates a significant difference.

ig. 1 Effect of Bitter Leaf methanol extracts (BLME) on prevention of renal toxicity induced bycrude petroleum contaminated diets (Haematoxylin and eosin X 100).