Microwave assisted green synthesis of Hydroxyapatite nanorods using Moringa oleifera flower extract and its antimicrobial applications

Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.

Figures & data

ig. 1 Xray diffraction patterns of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.

able 1 The phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera flowers.

Component	Test	Observation	Scoring
Alkaloid	Dragendorffs	Brownish-red colour	+
Tannins	Ferric chloride	Blue ink colour	+
Flavonoid	Pew’s	Red colour	+
Saponin	Frothing	Persistence foam	+
Phenol	Buchard	Violet colour	+
Carbohydrate	Molisch’s	Red colour	+
Glycosides	Salkowski’s	Reddish brown	+

able 2 Structural parameters of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.

Types of nanorods	2θ	d-spacing Å	FWHM	(hkl) Crystal System	Lattice constants Å		Crystallite size nm	Dislocation density (δ) 10^14lin/m^2	Micro strain (ε) 10^4 lin^−2 m^−4
					a	c
HAp	25.807	3.45232	0.5665	002			17.2	17.2	27.5
	28.2336	3.16088	1.0646	102			9.2	9.2	9.2
	28.9665	3.08255	1.0301	210			9.5	0.014	44.4
	31.9755	2.79901	0.9456	211			10.4	10.4	10.4
	32.8432	2.72702	0.8183	300			12.1	12.1	12.1
	33.9797	2.63837	1.3975	202	9.414	6.876	7.1	7.1	7.1
	39.8421	2.26264	0.6625	130			15.2	0.011	0.011
	42.3268	2.13539	0.9735	131			10.4	0.61	28.0
	46.7486	1.9432	0.7067	222			14.6	0.45	18.2
	49.508	1.84116	0.6128	213			17.0	0.45	14.8
	53.1146	1.72433	0.6283	004			16.9	16.9	14.0
	64.0235	1.45434	1.0945	304			10.2	9.46	19.5
	25.7505	3.45977	0.5522	002			17.6	0.421	26.9
	28.2000	3.16457	1.0089	102			9.7	0.013	44.7
	29.1915	3.05931	0.1435	210			68.4	2.802	6.1
	32.0482	2.79283	1.3117	211			7.5	0.023	50.8
	32.9604	2.71759	1.0827	300			9.1	0.015	40.7
MOFE:HAp	33.9775	2.63853	0.4532	202	9.405	6.867	21.9	0.273	16.5
	39.9394	2.25735	0.8836	130			11.4	0.010	27.0
	42.3846	2.13261	1.2082	131			8.4	0.018	34.7
	47.0413	1.93179	1.1047	222			9.3	0.014	28.2
	49.5028	1.84134	1.0741	213			9.7	0.013	25.9
	53.0159	1.72731	0.4201	004			25.2	0.205	9.3
	64.1739	1.4513	0.4382	304			25.6	0.0200	7.7

ig. 2 (a). Scanning Electron Microscope images of Hydroxyapatite. (b). Scanning Electron Microscope images of Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite. (c). Energy Dispersive Analysis images of Hydroxyapatite. (d). Energy Dispersive Analysis images of Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite.

able 3 Atomic percentage of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite.

Types of nanorods	Elements
	Ca (at.%)	P (at.%)	O (at.%)	Ca/P(at.%)
HAp	17.31	10.51	72.10	1.64
MOFE:HAp	17.90	9.84	72.25	1.81

ig. 3 (a and b) Transmission electron microscopy images of Hydroxyapatite, (c). Selective Area Electron Diffraction patterns of Hydroxyapatite, (d and e) Transmission electron microscopy images of Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite.(f) Selective Area Electron Diffraction patterns of Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite.

ig. 4 Functional group interaction studies of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.

able 4 Function groups of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite.

Types of nanorods	Functional groups (cm^−1)
	OH-Stretching mode (cm^−1)	H2O-Bending mode (cm^−1)	$P{O}_4^{3-}$-Stretching mode (cm^−1)	$P{O}_4^{3-}$-Bending mode (cm^−1)	PO-Stretching mode (cm^−1)	PO-Bending mode (cm^−1)	$\mathit{HP}{O}_4^{3-}$(cm^−1)
HAp	3417.73	1646	1039.41	567.4, 603.7	962.54	469.68	874.3
MOFE:HAp	3418.89	1631.89	1044.12	537.4, 620.6	924.10	463.35	875

ig. 5 Diffuse reflectance studies of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite extract nanorods.

ig. 6 Band gap energy of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.

ig. 7 Photo luminescence analysis studies of Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.

ig. 8 Thermo gravimetric analysis of (a) Hydroxyapatite (b) Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite extract nanorods.

ig. 9 Photographs of the antimicrobial activity of Hydroxyaptite and Moringa oleifera flower extract nanorods against Gram positive bacteria (a1–a3), Gram negative bacteria (b1–b3) and fungi (c1–c3).

ig. 10 Zone of inhibition graph against gram positive bacteria for Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite extract nanorods.

ig. 11 Zone of inhibition graph against gram negative bacteria for Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite extract nanorods.

able 5 Zone of inhibition values in millimeter (mm) level of the tested bacteria and fungi.

Types of nanorods	Bacteria
	Gram positive bacteria			Gram negative bacteria			Fungi
	Monococcus luteus	Bacillus subtilis	Staphyllococcus aureus	Salmonella paratyphi	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Candida albicans	Aspergillus niger	Aspergillus fumigatus
Standard	36 ± 1.02^a	41 ± 0.9^a	45 ± 1.0^a	40 ± 1.0^a	40 ± 1.8^a	31 ± 1.8^a	30 ± 0.9^a	22 ± 0.8^a	32 ± 1.0^a
HAp	10 ± 1.1^b	9 ± 1.03^b	11 ± 1.03^b	10 ± 1.0^b	9 ± 1.3^b	9 ± 1.2^b	9 ± 1.2^b	9 ± 1.1^b	–
MOFE:HAp	15 ± 0.9^c	14 ± 1.05^c	13 ± 0.9^c	12 ± 1.2^c	10 ± 1.6^c	10 ± 1.6^c	16 ± 1.2^c	10 ± 1.05^c	15 ± 1.3^c

Bars not labeled by the same letter represent statistical significance at P ≤ 0.05 using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test.

ig. 12 Zone of inhibition graph against the tested fungi for Hydroxyapatite and Moringa oleifera flower extract capped Hydroxyapatite nanorods.