Synthesis, structural characterization of nano ZnTiO₃ ceramic: An effective azo dye adsorbent and antibacterial agent

Peer review under responsibility of The Ceramic Society of Japan and the Korean Ceramic Society.

Figures & data

Table 1 Crystal parameters of the nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Atoms	Oxidation state	Wyckoff notation	x	y	z	Occupancy
Zn	2+	6c	0.0000	0.0000	0.3580	1
Ti	4+	3b	0.0000	0.0000	0.5000	1
O	2−	18f	0.3050	0.0150	0.2500	1

Crystal system: rhombohedral; space group: R−3 (148); point group: −3, hexagonal axis.

Fig. 1 PXRD patterns of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 2 Packing diagram of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 3 FTIR spectrum of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 4 (a) UV–vis spectrum and (b) optical energy band gap of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 5 (a and b) FE-SEM and (c) EDS micrographs of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 6 (a) TEM and (b) HR-TEM of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Table 2 Surface profile of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Ra	Rq	Rpv	Rp	Rv	Rsk	Rz	Rku
0.6946	0.8888	5.777	2.371	3.406	−0.0032	4.770	0.0361

Fig. 7 (a) 2D, (b) 3D and (c) line graph of surface profile of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic.

Fig. 8 (a) Chemical structure of MG. (b) UV–vis spectrum of MG.

Fig. 9 Effect of contact time on adsorption of MG. (Inset) % degradation plot.

Fig. 10 Effect of dose of adsorbent on adsorption of MG. (Inset) % degradation plot.

Fig. 11 Effect of pH on adsorption of MG. (Inset) % degradation plot.

Fig. 12 Effect of initial concentration of dye.

Fig. 13 Adsorption kinetics of MG adsorption over ZnTiO₃.

Table 3 Antibacterial activity of nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ ceramic on pathogenic bacterial strains.

Sl. no	Treatment	Mean ± SE
		Klebsiella aerogenes	Escherichia coli	Staphylococcus aureus	Pseudomonas desmolyticum
1	Standard (5 μg/50 μL)	13.00 ± 0.00	24.67 ± 0.33^**	19.67 ± 0.33^**	18.67 ± 0.33^**
2	ZnTiO3 (1000 μg/100 μL)	3.33 ± 0.33^**	6.00 ± 0.00	4.33 ± 0.33^**	2.00 ± 0.00
3	ZnTiO3 (1500 μg/150 μL)	5.67 ± 0.33^*	7.33 ± 0.33^**	8.00 ± 0.00	3.33 ± 0.33^**

Values are the mean ± SE of inhibition zone in mm.

* P < 0.05 as compared with the control group.

** P < 0.01 as compared with the control group.

Fig. 14 Zone of inhibition tests for nanocrystalline ZnTiO₃ against (a) K. aerogenes, (b) E. coli, (c) S. aureus and (d) P. desmolyticum.