Awareness of GM food proliferation in Saudi Arabia: A case study of Makkah city

Peer review under responsibility of University of Bahrain.

Figures & data

Figure 1 The conceptual model.

Table 1 The Descriptive statistics of respondents on awareness of GM foods in Saudi Arabia.

Variables	Agree (%)	Strongly agree (%)	Disagree (%)	Strongly disagree (%)	Mean	SD
I did consume GM foods daily	3.3	23.3	46.7	26.7	2.97	.81
GM foods are labelled in the Markets	13.3	13.3	20.0	53.3	3.13	1.11
Islam did not oppose consumptions of GM foods	10.0	23.3	50.0	16.7	2.73	.87
Is there any oral or published news on the side effect of GM food in Saudi Arabia	10.0	20.0	53.3	16.7	2.77	.86
The Government has good systems of checking GM foods reliability	16.7	53.3	16.7	13.3	2.27	.91

Table 2 The correlation between the awareness variables.

	Correlations
		Consumption	Label	Islamic Fatwa	Media	Government policy	Awareness
Consumption	Pearson correlation	1	.121	−.013	.336	.013	.345
	Sig. (2-tailed)		.525	.945	.069	.948	.062
Label	Pearson correlation	.121	1	.469^⁎⁎	−.039	.376^⁎	.072
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.525		.009	.839	.041	.705
Islamic Fatwa	Pearson Correlation	-.013	.469^⁎⁎	1	−.133	.400^⁎	.150
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.945	.009		.485	.029	.428
Media	Pearson correlation	.336	-.039	−.133	1	.171	.418^⁎
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.069	.839	.485		.366	.022
Government policy	Pearson correlation	.013	.376^⁎	.400^⁎	.171	1	.335
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.948	.041	.029	.366		.070
Awareness	Pearson correlation	.345	.072	.150	.418^⁎	.335	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.062	.705	.428	.022	.070

⁎⁎ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

⁎ Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). N = 100.

Table 3 The analysis of variance of respondents on awareness of GM foods in Saudi Arabia.

		ANOVA with Friedman’s test
		Sum of squares	Df	Mean square	Friedman’s Chi-square	Sig
Between people		145.158	99	1.466
	Between items	11.388^a	4	2.847	14.770	.005
Within people	Residual	297.012	396	.750
	Total	308.400	400	.771
Total		453.558	499	.909

Grand mean = 2.8780

a Kendall’s coefficient of concordance W = .025.