Determination of trace amounts of palladium by solution scanometric method

Peer review under responsibility of Taibah University.

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Effect of time on effective intensity (Conditions: 500 μL solution containing 25 μg mL⁻¹ Pd²⁺ ion, 1 mol L⁻¹ iodide, 1.32 mol L⁻¹ HCl and 2 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ sodium sulphite).

Fig. 2 Effect of iodide and sodium sulphite concentration as well as the effect of HCl and H₂SO₄ and their concentration on effective intensity (Conditions: 500 μL solution containing 25 μg mL⁻¹ Pd²⁺ ion, 1 mol L⁻¹ iodide, 1.32 mol L⁻¹ HCl, 0.42 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄, 2 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ sodium sulphite; reaction time 20 min). For the other two parameters, the investigated parameter was changed, and the others were fixed similarly.

Fig. 3 Calibration curve for determination of Pd²⁺ ion under optimum conditions.

Table 1 Effect of interfering species on the determination of 25 μg ml⁻¹ Pd²⁺ under optimum conditions.

Interfering species	Added as	Tolerance Conc. (μg mL^−1)
Ca^2+, Ba^2+, Cu^2+	Nitrate salt	5000
ClO4^−, SO4^2−	Sodium or Potassium salt	5000
Ni^2+, Na^+	Nitrate salt	2500
Hg^2+	Chloride salt	2500
Cl^−	Potassium salt	2500
Al^3+, K^+	Nitrate salt	1000
Br^−	Potassium salt	1000
Cr^3+, Cd^2+, Co^2+, Mg^2+, Pb^2+	Nitrate salt	500
Fe^3+, Ag^+	Nitrate salt	25

Table 2 Determination of Pd²⁺ ion in real samples.

sample	Solution scanometric method					AAS
	Regression equation	R^2	Added (μg mL^−1)	Found (μg mL^−1)	Recovery %	Found (μg mL^−1)
Tap water (Yasouj city)	A = 0.0069X − 0.0007	0.9915	00.00	Nd	–	Nd
			20.00	19.48	97.38	–
			32.00	31.97	99.90	–
Spring water (Ghalat village in Yasouj city)	A = 0.0062X + 0.0003	0.9988	00.00	Nd	–	Nd
			20.00	19.73	98.63	–
			32.00	31.48	98.36	–
River water (Beshar, Yasouj city)	A = 0.0051X − 0.0043	0.9934	00.00	Nd	–	Nd
			20.00	19.91	99.53	–
			32.00	32.10	100.30	–
Walnut leaf	A = 0.0062X + 0.0039	0.9927	00.00	Nd	–	Nd
			20.00	19.79	98.95	–
			32.00	31.71	99.10	–

Table 3 Comparison of the results of solution scanometry and other methods for determination of Pd²⁺ ion.

Method	Reagent	Linear range (μg mL^−1)	LOD (μg mL^−1)	RSD%	Ref
Spectrophotometry	Bromide	40.0–200.0	----	----	[24]
Spectrophotometry	Azide	1.3–4.6	0.03	----	[25]
Spectrophotometry	Promazine hydrochloride	2.0–17.0	----	----	[8]
Spectrophotometry	Cefixime	0.75–16.50	0.07	----	[26]
Solution scanometry	Iodide	0.1–72.0	0.089	1.0	This work