Cropping systems in the Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin, Central Vietnam: On farmers’ stubborn persistence in predominantly cultivating rice

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Study region.

Table A1 Average gross benefits, variable costs and profit ('00000 dong) of vegetable crops (m/w means the year’s month and monthly week of planting and finishing periods).

Crop name	Planting period	Finishing period	Days on the field (Gday)	Labor required day/ha/Gday	Gross benefit (VND/ha)	Variable costs (VND/ha)	Net-returns (VND/ha)	Added value per man-day (VND/md)	Added value per growing day (VND/Gday)
amaranth	m4/w1	m4/w4	30	8.5	780	21	759	3	25
bitter gourd	m5/w3	m8/w1	81	12.0	2400	354	2046	2	25
	m6/w1	m9/w4	120	5.0	4560	222	4338	7	36
	m10/w1	m3/w3	173	4.9	4200	288	3912	5	23
	m10/w1	m2/w3	133	3.6	3640	578	3062	6	23
	m12/w1	m3/w2	120	4.5	2160	269	1891	4	16
	m12/w1	m4/w3	143	5.1	4290	245	4045	6	28
bottle gourd	m4/w1	m8/w4	150	2.6	4620	188	4432	11	30
	m4/w4	m9/w4	157	3.5	4400	244	4156	8	26
	m10/w1	m12/w4	90	3.1	1400	116	1284	5	14
chinese mustard	m1/w1	m2/w2	40	15.3	1360	266	1094	1.8	27
	m1/w1	m2/w1	35	23.0	1120	264	856	1.1	24
	m1/w1	m2/w2	40	16.3	1360	117	1244	1.9	31
	m1/w1	m4/w4	25	19.2	720	59	661	1.4	26
	m2/w1	m2/w4	30	11.7	1190	105	1085	3.1	36
	m11/w1	m12/w1	30	12.7	1120	279	841	2.2	28
	m11/w2	m12/w4	45	13.4	900	72	828	1.4	18
	m12/w1	m12/w4	30	17.2	1120	103	1017	2.0	34
coriander	m12/w1	m12/w4	30	5.0	635	115	520	3.5	17
cucumber	m3/w2	m6/w2	120	2.6	1375	166	1209	3.8	10
lettuce	m1/w4	m2/w4	45	12.4	900	183	717	1.3	16
	m1/w1	m2/w2	40	18.6	720	343	377	0.5	9
	m1/w1	m2/w2	45	14.5	720	129	591	0.9	13
	m2/w3	m4/w1	50	4.4	1543	77	1466	6.7	29
	m2/w3	m4/w1	67	7.8	1134	153	981	1.9	15
	m11/w2	m12/w4	45	10.6	1000	65	935	2.0	21
malabar spinach	m3/w1	m9/w1	187	7.8	5760	277	5483	3.8	29
	m4/w1	m9/w4	180	7.0	4845	384	4461	3.5	25
	m5/w3	m11/w4	187	9.0	4894	320	4574	2.7	24
	m6/w4	m9/w4	120	9.1	4800	290	4510	4.1	38
	m7/w1	m11/w4	150	5.5	4317	358	3958	4.8	26
mint	m1/w1	m1/w4	30	14.4	540	313	227	0.5	8
	m1/w1	m1/w4	30	18.3	1000	180	820	1.5	27
okra	m8/w2	m10/w4	75	3.9	1020	192	828	2.8	11
spring onion	m1/w1	m10/w1	300	30	5.4	461	4189	2.6	14
	m1/w1	m10/w1	300	34	5.6	404	4866	2.9	16
	m1/w1	m10/w1	300	28	12.6	577	3623	1.0	12
sweet potato (vines)	m8/w3	m11/w4	97	1.9	1296	92	1204	6.7	12
	m8/w3	m11/w4	97	8.2	1848	129	1719	2.2	18
	m9/w1	m11/w4	97	7.6	1300	162	1138	1.5	12
	m10/w1	m12/w4	90	5.9	1080	104	976	1.8	11
water spinach	m1/w1	m1/w4	25	19.5	1000	148	852	1.7	34
	m5/w4	m10/w4	157	6.5	3900	812	3088	3.0	20
	m11/w1	m12/w3	53	5.3	1680	81	1599	5.7	30
	m12/w1	m4/w4	147	5.9	4320	372	3948	4.6	27
	m12/w3	m3/w4	97	12.4	2520	401	2119	1.8	22
wax gourd	m1/w1	m4/w4	120	3.75	960	362	598	1.3	5
	m12/w1	m3/w4	120	4.0	1350	631	719	1.5	6
		Mean	102	9.1	2332	247	2084	3.2	22
		Min.	25	1.9	540	21	227	0.5	5.0
		Max.	300	23.0	5760	812	5483	11	38
		CV	0.74	0.60	0.71	0.67	0.75	0.69	0.40

Source: own estimations.

Table 1 Average household composition, age structure and occupation.

		Number of people	Age
Household members		4.1
	males	2.2
	females	1.9
Household composition per age group	]0, 16[	0.6	10
	[16,65[	3.1	41
	[65,…[	0.4	74
Occupation per age group
on-farm work	[16,65[	1.6	50
on-farm work	[65,…[	0.3	71
non-farm work	[16,65[	0.6	36
school, professional education	[16,65[	0.9	20
retired, no occupation	[65,…[	0.1	81

Source: own estimations

Table 2 Average area (m²) allocated per season to the main annual crops.

crop	WSp		SpS		SA		AW
rice	2155	(113)			2180	(113)
maize	625	(50)	65	(9)	975	(66)	10	(1)
groundnut	620	(62)			25	(2)
watermelon	175	(7)	80	(2)
chili	160	(14)
vegetables	80	(15)	30	(7)	25	(7)	30	(9)
tobacco	50	(4)
mungbean	30	(3)	300	(22)	270	(20)
sweetpotato*	30	(4)	5	(2)	40	(6)	55	(8)
sesame	5	(1)	40	(3)	130	(17)
cassava	5	(2)	15	(2)
kumquat	30	(3)	30	(3)	30	(3)	30	(3)
banana	5	(1)	5	(1)	5	(1)	5	(1)
fallow	0.0		3400		250		3800
cultivated	3950		550		3700		150

In brackets is the number of farmers cultivating the crop in the season.

^*sweetpotato for roots.

Source: own estimations.

Table 3 Average area, production and yields for the two main season crops and year-round vegetables.

		Gross area (m^2)				Gross production (kg)				Yield (t ha^−1)
WSp season	N	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV
rice	113	2200	500	8650	0.63	1251	240	6055	0.76	5.51	1.20	8.21	0.23
maize	50	1450	250	6500	0.96	936	150	5200	1.15	6.04	2.50	11.67	0.31
groundnut	62	1150	250	4300	0.71	268	50	933	0.76	2.45	0.50	8.67	0.52
chili	14	1350	500	2250	0.76	511	150	1200	0.67	3.7	2.0	7.2	0.40
watermelon	7	2900	1000	6000	0.70	4500	1200	8400	0.56	17.8	10.0	40.0	0.58
tobacco	4	1400	1000	2300	0.45	415	150	920	0.83	2.7	1.5	4.0	0.39
sweetpotato^a	4	800	450	1750	0.79	663	350	1000	0.44	10.9	4.6	22.2	0.72
SA season
rice	113	2200	500	8650	0.64	1154	120	5140	0.75	5.1	0.6	13.8	0.31
maize	66	1700	250	7500	0.88	915	100	4400	1.00	5.1	2.0	12.0	0.31
mung bean	20	1550	350	4000	0.64	258	70	570	0.52	2.5	0.5	8.7	0.92
sesame	17	900	200	4000	0.73	34	8	100	0.74	0.5	0.2	1.2	0.58
sweetpotato^a	6	800	250	2000	0.77	872	84	2700	1.10	12.2	1.7	30.0	0.92
Year-round
vegetables^b	23	700	100	2000	0.67	1345	100	4400	0.76	27	2.0	88.0	0.76

^aCultivation for home consumption only (vines for the family, roots for livestock feeding). See Appendix B for sweet potato as a cash crop, i.e. cultivation of vines for the market.

^bDetailed statistics for each vegetable species and planting date can be seen in Appendix A and Tables A1–A2.

Source: own estimations.

Table 4 Average variable costs, benefits and returns (‘00000 Dong ha⁻¹) for the two main season crops and year-round vegetables.

		Gross benefit per hectare				Variable costs per hectare				Net benefits per hectare to family labor, land, management and capital				Added value per man-day
	N	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV
WSp season
rice	113	420	98	681	0.25	184	90	306	0.20	236	−44	438	0.44	1.7	−0.2	3	0.41
groundnut	62	626	126	2022	0.59	85	35	185	0.36	541	57	1928	0.67	2.5	0.3	9	0.67
maize	50	363	146	700	0.29	153	10	469	0.62	210	−142	470	0.57	1.0	−0.7	2	0.56
chili	14	999	504	1733	0.36	317	92	674	0.51	682	188	1553	0.57	2.9	0.8	7	0.56
watermelon	7	947	300	2400	0.71	136	71	216	0.46	810	91	2327	0.88	3.1	0.4	9	0.87
tobacco	4	1004	570	1540	0.41	149	101	190	0.25	854	4	1390	0.48	2.2	1.1	4	0.47
sweet potato^a	4	9.9	5.3	15	0.44	6.5	2.5	15	0.89	3.4	−3.2	12	1.95	0.01	−0.01	0.04	1.95
SA season
rice	113	401	53	2236	0.53	180	85	417	0.26	221	−62	1925	0.89	1.6	−0.2	9	0.84
maize	66	335	131	786	0.32	115	5	278	0.42	220	−47	653	0.49	1.0	−0.2	3	0.48
mung bean	20	382	10	846	0.45	69	34	166	0.55	313	−32	800	0.56	1.4	−0.1	4	0.56
sesame	17	149	32	480	0.72	36	10	108	0.77	112	18	372	0.84	0.9	0.2	3	0.83
sweet potato^a	6	13	1.3	41	1.10	27	6.8	60	0.73	−14	−33	4.5	−0.86	−0.1	−0.1	0.0	−0.86
Year-round
Vegetables^b	23	2332	540	5760	0.70	247	21	812	0.67	2084	227	5483	0.75	3.2	0.5	11	0.69

^aCultivation for home consumption only (vines for the family, roots for livestock feeding). See Table A3 for sweet potato as a cash crop, i.e. cultivation of vines for the market.

^b Detailed statistics for each vegetable species and planting date can be seen in Appendix A, Table A1.

Source: own estimations.

Table A3 Seed and fertilizer inputs for vegetables (kg ha⁻¹).

	Amaranth	Bitter gourd	Bottle gourd	Chinese mustard	Coriander	Cucumber	Lettuce	Malabar spinach	Okra	Spring onion	Sweet potato	Water spinach	Wax gourd	Mint
n=	n=1	n=6	n=3	n=15	n=1	n=1	n=4	n=6	n=1	n=3	n=4	n=5	n=2	n=2
seed	2.0	2.6	3.6	8	33	0.6	4	52	5.7	10.7	na	104	0.3	2.5
		(1.5)	(2.6)	(24)			(7)	(17)		(5)		(68)		(2)
npk	50	516	608	120	33	200	89	503	486	467	311	135	300	150
(16:16:8)		(513)	(790)	(92)			(67)	(498)		(58)	(128)	(131)	(424)	(71)
urea	80	368	131	103		200	43	927	200		488	77	400	100
(46%N)		(235)	(114)	(69)			(49)	(1464)			(213)	(51)	(566)	(141)
phosphat		276					44	67				30	800
(16%P2O5)		(215)					(53)	(163)				(68)	(283)
khali		524	200			300		1112				24	500
(60%K2O)		(308)	(346)					(1556)				(53)	(707)
lime		427	348	299	667		448	359	429	589		504	700	200
		(229)	(326)	(199)			(165)	(292)		(84)		(444)	(141)	(283)
manure ('000)		3.7	7.4	10.5	13.3	6	12.8	4.3	14.3	33.6	1.4	9.7	15	30
		(4)	(8)	(22)			(8)	(5)		(4)	(3)	(11)	(7)	(14)
peanut pulp				53	133		65	69		500		662	10	450
				(92)			(116)	(111)		(500)		(736)	(14)	(71)
dap	10	33	40	43			67	1970		250	35	471	200
		(82)	(70)	(56)			(79)	(4266)		(250)	(69)	(1052)	(283)

Source: own estimations. Averages over n including zero usage values.

Table A4 Input quantities for most important crops besides vegetables (selected seasons only).

	Rice (WSp)				Maize (WSp)				Groundnut (WSp)				Sesame (SA)
	n = 113				n = 58				n = 62				n = 17
	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV
seeds (kg ha^−1)	123	20	180	0.19	25	10	120	0.83	150	20	240	0.51	0.16	0.1	0.2	0.49
lime (kg ha^−1)	313	0	600	0.53	116	0	600	1.62	373	0	1000	0.58
Fertilizers (kg ha^−1)
kali	95	0	480	0.70	54	0	340	1.16	20	0	140	1.78
npk	262	0	520	0.45	282	0	600	0.52	183	0	500	0.57	71	0	300	1.17
phosphate	89	0	600	1.63	90	0	500	1.97	251	0	1000	1.01
urea	210	0	400	0.46	182	0	600	0.68	58	0	300	1.19	47	0	240	1.38
micro-bio					68	0	500	2.51
organic material	2218	0	10,000	1.41	1139	0	8000	1.73	1629	0	8000	1.52	1039	0	7000	2.01
yogen									87	0	1000	2.67
Herbicides (ml ha^−1)
echo	170	0	2000	3.03	80	0	1000	3.43	63	0	2000	4.79
sofit	1135	0	2000	0.62	293	0	2667	2.52	476	0	2000	1.59
Pesticides (ml ha^−1)
anvil									137	0	3000	3.60
bassa 50EC	646	0	8000	3.38	94	0	3000	4.77	308	0	2000	2.13
basudin 40EC					204	0	2000	2.97
cymerine	137	0	2000	3.38
monster40	427	0	5000	2.32	580	0	6000	2.34	163	0	5000	4.12
fuji-one 40EC	1289	0	20,000	2.95
ofatox 400EC	198	0	2000	2.56	1520	0	10,000	2.30	495	0	10,000	2.81
padan					702	0	4000	1.62
validan	896	0	10,000	3.05	400	0	10,000	4.95
valydacine	718	0	10,000	3.31	614	0	10,000	3.90
	Chili (WSp)						Watermelon (WSp)				Mung bean (SA)
	n = 14						n = 7				n = 20
	Mean		Min		Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV	Mean	Min	Max	CV
seeds (kg ha^−1)	0.11		0.10		0.20	0.24	0.20	200	200	0.00	20	0	110	1.09
lime (kg ha^−1)	73		0		300	1.50
Fertilizers (kg ha^−1)
kali	18		0		60	1.49	101	0	240	0.95	57.5	0	600	0.93
npk	312		100		500	0.39	397	200	800	0.55
phosphate
urea	75		0		200	0.81	129	0	300	0.81	62	0	200	1.04
micro-bio											113	0	500	1.83
organic material	2467		0		8000	1.20	2571	0	10,000	1.54	1033	0	4000	1.63
Herbicides (ml ha^−1)
echo							429	0	2000	1.84
sofit	67		0		500	2.64	571	0	2000	1.71
Pesticides (ml ha^−1)
actara											200	0	1000	0.46
bassa 50EC	133		0		1000	2.64
hopsan											1176	0	4000	0.36
monster 40							429	0	2000	1.84	2500	0	5000	0.24
ofatox 400 EC	853		0		2500	1.09	3000	0	10,000	1.60	545	0	2000	0.39

Source: own estimations. Averages over N, including zero usage values.

Table A5 Biocides used in the different vegetables (undiluted quantities averaged over the number of observations n.

	Amaranth	Bitter gourd	Bottle gourd	Chinese mustard	Lettuce
	n = 1	n = 6	n = 3	n = 15	n = 4
Insecticides
Actara 25EC (gram ha^−1)				9
Alika 247SC (ml ha^−1)		67
Amate 150SC (ml ha^−1)		125
Angun 5WG (gram ha^−1)			269
Anvado 100WP (gram ha^−1)				27
Bamper 450WP (gram ha^−1)		200
Confidor 700WG (gram ha^−1)		8
Dylan 10WG (gram ha^−1)		23
Dylan 2EC (ml ha^−1)	500			100
Dylan 5WG (gram ha^−1)	60		44	36
Eagle 36 WDG (gram ha^−1)				27
Karate 2.5EC (ml ha^−1)		83	133	500
Lutex 55G (gram ha^−1)				133	143
Map winner 5WG (gram ha^−1)		13
Monster 75WP (ml ha^−1)				27	476
Motox 5EC (ml ha^−1)		33
Ofatox 400EC (ml ha^−1)	1000	505
Penalty 40WP (gram ha^−1)				27
Proclaim 1.9EC (ml ha^−1)	200			4
Pyrifda Aic 500EC (ml ha^−1)				14
Regent 0.3G (gram ha^−1)		1667
Regent 800WG (gram ha^−1)			11	7	2
Rholam 50WP (gram ha^−1)		67	667
Scorpion 36EC (gram ha^−1)			2419	133
Sec Saigon 10EC 450 (ml ha^−1)		231
Sherpa 25EC (ml ha^−1)	10
Tung mectin 50EC (ml ha^−1)				2167	105
Vibamec 3.6 EC (ml ha^−1)			89
Pyrifda aic 500 EC (ml ha^−1)			178
Fungicides
Champion 57.6DP (gram ha^−1)				27
Anvil 2SL (ml ha^−1)			267
Arin 50SC (ml ha^−1)					238
Mataxyl 500WP (gram ha^−1)		333
Nevo 330EC (ml ha^−1)		93
Polyram 80DF (gram ha^−1)		2315
Ridomil gold 68WP (gram ha^−1)		1833
Sumi Eight 12.5 WP (gram ha^−1)		46
Topsin 70WP (gram ha^−1)		53
Trichoderma (kg ha^−1)				598	14
Tungvali 5WP (gram ha^−1)				333	571
Tungvali 5WP (gram ha^−1)				53	1190
Validacin 5L (ml ha^−1)					714
Vanicide 5WP (gram ha^−1)		185
	Malabar spinach	Okra	Spring onion	Sweet potato	Water spinach	Wax gourd
	n = 6	n = 1	n = 3	n = 4	n = 5	n = 2
Insecticides
Alika 247SC (ml ha^−1)	1111	214
Angun 5WG (gram ha^−1)						50
Ascend 20SP (gram ha^−1)					941
Anvado 100WP (gram ha^−1)				114
Basudin 10H (kg ha^−1)					12
Compatt 55.5WDG (gram ha^−1)						350
Cytoc 250WP (gram ha^−1)						720
Dupont Prevaton 5SC (ml ha^−1)						100
Dylan 10WG (gram ha^−1)	98
Dylan 5WG (gram ha^−1)				63
Dylan 2EC (ml ha^−1)	398			347	294
Fastar 5EC (ml ha^−1)				139
Lanate 40SP (kg ha^−1)	3
Karate 25EC (ml ha^−1)				100
Map Winner 5WG (gram ha^−1)	39			40
Monster 40EC (ml ha^−1)	333
Monster 75WP (ml ha^−1)					400
Motox 5EC (ml ha^−1)	67
Ofatox 400EC (ml ha^−1)				347		1000
Penalty 40WP (gram ha^−1)					100
Pyrifda Aic 500 EC (ml ha^−1)	185			139
Regent 800WP (gram ha^−1)	7
Sec Saigon 50EC (ml ha^−1)	33					1000
Vibamec 36EC (ml ha^−1)						400
Vitako 40WG (gram ha^−1)	29
Fungicides
Aliette 8WP (gram ha^−1)						417
Dithane M45 80WP (gram ha^−1)	1263
Amistartop 325EC (ml ha^−1)	67
Anvil 2SL (ml ha^−1)	133
Jinggangmeisu 10WP (gram ha^−1)	133
Kasumin 2 SL (ml ha^−1)	133					400
Mataxyl 25 WP (gram ha^−1)	3333
Melody 66.75 WP (gram ha^−1)						5000
Metaxyl 25WP (gram ha^−1)						606
Ridolmin Gold 68WP (gram ha^−1)						20,076
Trichoderma vidide1% (kg ha^−1)			100
Validacin 5L (gram ha^−1)	556
Valivithaco 3L (ml ha^−1)	4000
Valivithaco 5L (ml ha^−1)					5882
Herbicides
Sofit 300EC (ml ha^−1)		1714

Source: own estimations. Averages over n including zero usage values.

Fig. 2 Average labor demand in the main crop seasons.

Table A2 Average growth duration, areas, production, yield and labor requirement for vegetables (m/w means the year’s month and monthly week of planting and finishing periods).

Family species	Crop name	Planting period	Finishing period	Growth duration Gday	Area m^2	Gross production kg/area	Yield ton/ha	Labor required day/ha/Gday
Amaranthus viridis L.	amaranth	m4/w1	m4/w4	30	1000	600	12	8.5
Momordica charantia L.	bitter gourd	m5/w3	m8/w1	81	330	600	12	12.0
		m6/w1	m9/w4	120	250	1200	24	5.0
		m10/w1	m2/w3	133	500	1400	28	3.6
		m10/w1	m3/w3	173	360	1500	30	4.9
		m12/w1	m3/w2	120	500	900	18	4.5
		m12/w1	m4/w3	143	500	1650	33	5.1
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stanley	bottle gourd	m4/w1	m8/w4	150	38	4200	84	2.6
		m4/w4	m9/w4	157	620	4400	88	3.5
		m10/w1	m12/w4	90	500	1000	20	3.1
Brassica juncea	chinese mustard	m1/w1	m4/w4	25	250	450	9	19.2
		m1/w1	m2/w2	40	100	800	16	15.3
		m1/w1	m2/w1	35	100	800	16	23.0
		m1/w1	m2/w2	40	10	800	16	16.3
		m2/w1	m2/w4	30	200	700	14	11.7
		m11/w1	m12/w1	30	500	700	14	12.7
		m11/w2	m12/w4	45	10	600	12	13.4
		m12/w1	m12/w4	30	80	800	16	17.2
Coriandrum sativum L	coriander	m12/w1	m12/w4	30	150	127	3	5.0
Cucumis sativus L.	cucumber	m3/w2	m6/w2	120	500	1250	25	2.6
Lactuca sativa L.	lettuce	m1/w1	m2/w2	40	100	400	8	18.6
		m1/w1	m2/w2	45	200	400	8	14.5
		m1/w4	m2/w4	45	150	500	10	12.4
		m2/w3	m4/w1	50	350	857	17	4.4
		m11/w2	m12/w4	45	300	500	10	10.6
Basella alba L.	malabar spinach	m2/w3	m4/w1	67	200	630	13	7.8
		m3/w1	m9/w1	187	250	2880	58	7.8
		m4/w1	m9/w4	180	360	2550	51	7.0
		m5/w3	m11/w4	187	170	2576	52	9.0
		m7/w1	m11/w4	150	500	2272	45	5.5
		m6/w4	m9/w4	120	300	2400	48	9.1
Ocium basilicum L.	mInt	m1/w1	m1/w4	30	100	100	2	14.4
		m1/w1	m1/w4	30	250	200	4	18.3
Hibiscus esculentus L.	okra	m8/w2	m10/w4	75	18	850	17	3.9
Allium ascalonicum L.	spring onion	m1/w1	m10/w1	300	400	1500	30	5.4
		m1/w1	m10/w1	300	500	1700	34	5.6
		m1/w1	m10/w1	300	300	1400	28	12.6
Ipomoea batatas	sweet potato (vines)	m8/w3	m11/w4	97	360	1080	22	1.9
		m8/w3	m11/w4	97	200	1540	31	8.2
		m9/w1	m11/w4	97	250	1000	20	7.6
		m10/w1	m12/w4	90	360	900	18	5.9
Ipomoea aquatica	water spinach	m1/w1	m1/w4	25	200	500	10	19.5
		m5/w4	m10/w4	157	170	3000	60	6.5
		m11/w1	m12/w3	53	500	1200	24	5.3
		m12/w1	m4/w4	147	330	3600	72	5.9
		m12/w3	m3/w4	97	170	1800	36	12.4
Benincasa hispida	wax gourd	m1/w1	m4/w4	120	500	1500	30	3.75
		m12/w1	m3/w4	120	25	2250	45	4.0
			Average	102	292	1345	27	9.1
			Min.	25	10	100	2	1.9
			Max.	300	1000	4400	88	23.0
			CV	0.71	0.67	0.76	0.76	0.60

Source: own estimations.