Examination of soil effect upon GPR detectability of landmine with different orientations

Peer review under responsibility of National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics.

Figures & data

Fig. 9 B-scan representation in the case of 60 degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Fig. 10 B-scan representation in the case of 90 degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Fig. 11 B-scan representation in the case of 250 degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Table 1 Set-up configurations of landmine models detection experiment.

Test site	Crandon Park, Miami, South Florida, USA
Target	Landmines models (PMN-2 and Type 72)
Depth to target	0, 5, 10 and 15 cm
Target inclination	Horizontal and 45°
Central frequency of GPR antenna	500 MHz
Trace time interval	0.02 s
Calculated wave velocity	0.1 m/ns
Dimension of surveyed area	8 × 10 m

Fig. 1 The buried PMN-2 and type 72 mines.

Fig. 2 B-Scan (2D) GPR image of the buried landmine models at 5 cm depth.

Table 2 Landmines (PMN-2 and type 72) specifications.

	PMN-2	Type 72
Height	53 mm	38 mm
Width	120 mm	78 mm
Main	100 g TG-40	51 g
Charge		TNT

Fig. 3 Simulation image of the buried landmine models at 5 cm depth.

Table 3 Simulation parameters of plane wave models.

Model size	10 m × 2 m × 2 m
EM incident type	Plane wave
Resonance frequency	500 MHz
Permittivity of medium	Soil medium 4
	PVC target 2.7
	Rubber 7
Absorbing boundary condition	PML
Depth of target	5 cm

Fig. 4 Different positions of PMN-2 at two depths 5 cm and 15 cm.

Fig. 5 A-scan representation for all orientations at 5 cm depth. (b) A-scan is focused on the change in the crest and trough.

Fig. 6 A-scan representation for all orientations at 15 cm depth. (b) A-scan is focused on the change in the crest and trough.

Fig. 7 B-scan representation in the case of zero degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Fig. 8 B-scan representation in the case of 30 degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Fig. 12 B-scan representation in the case of 340 degree orientation at (a) 5 cm depth and (b) 15 cm depth.

Fig. 13 Sinai geological map.

Fig. 14 B-scan representation in the case of different soil parameters (a) Wadi deposit and (b) Sand dunes.