Gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health among low-income youth in three Brazilian cities

Figures & data

Table 2 Probability of teenage pregnancy among adolescents and young women and men interviewed in Betim, Teófilo Otoni and Varginha, according to selected indicators of violence and control from towards a partner (excluding those never partnered). Brazil, 2011.

	Young women (n = 410)				Young men (n = 258)
(1) Reference category	Yes (%) (n = 115)	No (%) (n = 295)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Yes (%) (n = 20)	No (%) (n = 238)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval
Partner ever controlled clothes (females) / ever controlled partner’s clothes (males)
Yes (1)	39.2	22.3			55.0	20.2
No	60.8	77.7	2.265*	1.423-3.605	45.0	79.8	4.863*	1.907-12.401
Partner ever controlled friendships (females)/ever controlled partner’s friendships (males)
Yes (1)	37.2	26.4			30.0	10.9
No	62.8	73.6	1.629*	1.028-2.580	70.0	89.1	3.511*	1.242-9.928
Has time limit to arrive home set by partner (females) / ever set time for partner to arrive home (males)
Yes (1)	32.7	15.1			20.0	13.0
No	67.3	84.9	2.706*	1.632-4.487	80.0	87.0	0.377	0.526-5.344
Partner controls places she can go (females) / controls places partner can go (males)
Yes (1)	40.7	27.4			30.0	21.0
No	59.3	72.6	1.783*	1.134-2.805	70.0	80.0	1.620	0.592-0.430
Has ever suffered physical violence from a partner (for females and males)
Yes (1)	19.8	5.4			42.1	11.8
No	80.2	94.6	4.351*	2.163-8.751	57.9	88.2	5.483	2.020-14.879
Has suffered sexual violence from a partner (females) / has been physically violence towards a partner (males)
Yes (1)	9.8	2.9			21.1	8.2
No	90.2	97.1	3.676*	1.437-9.400	78.9	91.8	3.022	0.907-10.071

Box 1 Indicators of control and gender-based violence and sexual autonomy

Indicators of control and gender-based violence (female respondents)

If a partner has ever forbidden her to wear some types of clothes If a partner has ever forbidden her to have contact with some friend(s) If a partner has ever set a time limit for her to arrive home If she ever had a time limit to arrive home set by a partner If a partner has ever forbidden her to go somewhere If she has ever been hit by a partner If she has ever suffered sexual violence from a partner

Indicators of control and gender-based violence (male respondents)

If he has ever forbidden a partner to wear some types of clothes If he has ever forbidden a partner to have contact with some friend(s) If he ever set a limit for a partner to arrive home If he has ever forbidden a partner to go somewhere If he has ever hit a partner If he has ever forced a partner to have sex against her will If he has ever suffered physical violence from a female partner

Indicators of sexual autonomy (female respondents)

Age at first sexual intercourse If she desired to have first intercourse If she discussed contraception use with partner before first sexual intercourse If a partner ever refused to use a condom If she would feel able to avoid sex if partner did not want use a condom If she would feel safe to interrupt sex to request use of condom If she had ever been forced by a partner to have sex against her will

Indicators of sexual autonomy (male respondents)

Age at first sexual intercourse If he desired to have first intercourse If he discussed contraception use with partner before first sexual intercourse If he has ever refused to put on a condom If he would avoid sex if partner did not want use a condom If he would accept a partner interrupting sex to ask him to put on a condom If he has ever forced a partner to have sex against her will

Table 1 Prevalence of teenage pregnancy among young women as reported by young women and men in Betim, Teófilo Otoni and Varginha, according to selected socioeconomic characteristics. Brazil 2011.

	Young women (n = 450)			Young men (n = 300)
	Yes (%) (n = 115)	No (%) (n = 335)	Cramer’s V	Yes (%) (n = 20)	No (%) (n = 280)	Cramer’s V
Monthly family income
< 1 minimum wage	25.2	12.8		0.0	6.1
1-2 minimum wages	32.2	27.8		30.0	26.8
2-3 minimum wages	23.5	28.7	0.175*	40.0	26.4	0.101
> 3 minimum wages	19.1	30.7		30.0	40.7
Schooling level
Up to 5th grade	18.3	6.9		30.0	9.7
6th to 9th grade	40.0	21.8		15.0	27.6
Some high school	21.7	27.8	0.286*	25.0	26.9	0.180*
High school	18.3	35.8		30.0	28.3
College	1.7	7.9		0.0	7.5
Head of household
Father	15.7	39.4		25.0	48.2
Mother	13.0	20.3		0.0	13.6
Respondent	11.3	7.8		55.0	20.7
Husband/wife	48.7	19.4	0.382*	0.0	1.8	0.310*
Parent in law	4.3	0.3		10.0	0.7
Stepfather	2.6	1.8		0.0	1.1
Other relative	4.4	11.0		10.0	13.9
Marital Status
Single/divorced/widow	34.8	73.1		35.0	82.1
Married/in a union	65.2	26.9	0.347*	65.0	17.9	0.289*
Work outside home
Never worked	11.3	13.4		0.0	11.7
Yes	35.6	44.2		100.0	62.7
Not at the moment	48.6	32.2	0.143*	0.0	19.0	0.150*
Student only	4.5	10.2		0.0	6.6
% of household expenses you pay for
Nothing	26.2	27.1		5.3	16.3
Less than half	16.4	32.6		26.3	38.9
Half	11.5	22.1	0.293*	10.5	17.4	0.196*
More than half	21.3	8.3		21.1	11.1
Everything	24.6	9.9		36.8	16.3
Still in school
Yes	13.9	46.3		5.0	41.1
No	86.1	53.7	0.291*	95.0	58.9	0.185*
Why did you leave school?
Finished high school	8.3	33.3		0.0	19.98
To work	9.5	11.6		65.0	33.3
Pregnancy/children	38.1	9.6	0.432*	5.0	0.5	0.281*
Did not like school	23.8	12.6		0.0	17.2
Cannot afford school	3.6	15.7		10.0	12.4
Others	16.7	17.2		20.0	16.7
n	99	180		19	165

Table 3 Probability of teenage pregnancy among adolescents and young women and men interviewed in Betim, Teófilo Otoni and Varginha, according to selected indicators of sexual autonomy (virgins excluded). Brazil, 2011.

	Young women (n = 350)				Young men (n = 242)
(1) Reference category	Yes (%) (n = 115)	No (%) (n = 235)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Yes (%) (n = 20)	No (%) (n = 222)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval
Age of sexual initiation
Up to 15 years old(1)	66.7	26.3			80.0	52.3
16 years old or older	33.3	73.7	5.690*	3.482-9.297	20.0	47.7	3.655*	1.184-11.280
Talked to partner about contraception before 1 ^st intercourse
No (1)	60.0	37.8			75.0	70.7
Yes	40.0	62.2	2.435*	1.536-3.860	25.0	29.3	1.242	0.434-3.559
Condom use at first sexual intercourse
No (1)	40.4	20.1			30.0	27.0
Yes	59.6	79.9	2.691*	1.637-4.422	70.0	73.0	1.157	0.425-3.149
Partner ever refused to use a condom (females) / has ever refused to use a condom (males)
No (1)	65.8	80.6			73.7	88.2
Yes	34.2	19.4	0.462*	0.277-0.770	26.3	11.8	0.375	0.125-1.127
Would feel safe to refuse (females) / would accept partner refusal (males) to have sex without a condom
No (1)	26.8	16.5			45.0	25.0
Yes	73.2	83.5	1.850*	1.067-3.206	55.0	75.0	2.440*	0.960-6.198
Has ever been forced by a partner to have sex (females) / has ever forced a partner to have sex (males)
No (1)	89.5	95.9			95.0	96.7
Yes	10.5	4.1	1.390*	0.775-2.494	5.0	3.3	0.714	0.085-6.012
Condom use at last sexual intercourse
No (1)	71.3	53.1			65.0	33.3
Yes	28.7	46.9	2.193*	1.354-3.550	35.0	66.7	3.714*	1.422-9.703

Table 4 Probability of condom use at first sexual intercourse among adolescents and young women and men interviewed in Betim, Teófilo Otoni and Varginha, according to selected indicators of sexual autonomy (virgins excluded). Brazil 2011.

	Young women (n = 350)				Young men (n = 242)
(1) Reference category	Yes (%) (n = 249)	No (%) (n = 101)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Yes (%) (n = 176)	No (%) (n = 66)	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval
If desired first intercourse
No (1)	12.0	20.9			9.4	9.4
Yes	88.0	79.1	1.926*	1.023-3.629	90.6	90.6	0.996	0.372-2.668
Talked to partner about contraception before 1 ^st intercourse
No (1)	37.1	67.0			63.6	90.9
Yes	62.9	33.0	3.448*	2.076-5.726	36.4	9.1	5.714*	2.338-13.966
A partner ever refused to use a condom (females) / has ever refused to use a condom (males)
No (1)	79.8	64.4			87.4	86.2
Yes	20.2	35.6	0.458*	0.269-0.779	12.6	13.8	0.901	0.391-2.073
Would feel safe to refuse (females) / would accept partner refusal to (males) have sex without condom
No (1)	16.9	28.4			37.4	50.0
Yes	83.1	71.6	1.995*	1.103-3.465	62.6	50.0	1.677	0.941-2.990
Would feel safe to interrupt sex to demand (females)… / would accept partner’s demand for (males) use of condom
No (1)	13.3	29.2			24.7	32.3
Yes	86.7	70.8	2.695*	1.495-4.859	75.3	67.7	1.454	0.779-2.713
Has ever hit a partner (males)
No (1)					93.4	80.6
Yes					6.6	19.4	3.408*	1.387-8.374