Assessing the drain estuaries’ water quality in response to pollution abatement

Peer review under responsibility of National Water Research Center.

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Water balance in Egypt 2013.

Fig. 2 The Nile's hydrological cycle.

Fig. 3 Water quality monitoring locations over Nile Delta and their covered reaches.

Table 1 Drains discharged to coast Delta lagoons and Mediterranean Sea.

Code	Main name	Discharged to
EB11	Bahr Baqar Drain	Lake Manzala
EH17	Bahr Hadus Drain	Lake Manzala
EM01	Matareya Drain	Lake Manzala
EH12	Ramsis Drain	Lake Manzala
ET03	Mahsama Drain	Lake Timsah
MN03	Nashart Drain	Lake Burullus
MT01	Tira Drain	Lake Burullus
M701	No. 7 Drain	Lake Burullus
M801	Lower No. 8 Darin	Lake Burullus
M111	No. 11 Drain	Lake Burullus
MB01	Burullus Drain	Lake Burullus
WE19	Edko Drain	Lake Edko
WB01	Barsiq Drain	Lake Edko
WU56	El Umum Drain	Lake Mariut
WU08	El Qalaa Drain	Lake Mariut
WN10	West Nubaria Drain	Lake Mariut
M116	Drain No. 1	Mediterranean Sea
MG14	Gharbia Drain	Mediterranean Sea
WT01	Tabia Drain	Mediterranean Sea
WU09	Max pump station	Mediterranean Sea

Table 2 Test of normality.

Drains	Kolmogorov–Smirnov			Shapiro–Wilk
	Statistic	df	Sig	Statistic	df	Sig
Bahr Baqar Drain	0.202	9	0.200	0.954	9	0.737
Bahr Hadus Drain	0.135	11	0.200	0.968	11	0.865
Matareya Drain	0.225	11	0.124	0.820	11	0.017
Ramsis Drain	0.132	11	0.200	0.961	11	0.784
Mahsama Drain	0.185	11	0.200	0.967	11	0.850
Nashart Drain	0.196	11	0.200	0.896	11	0.165
Tira Drain	0.119	11	0.200	0.979	11	0.961
No. 7 Drain	0.212	11	0.178	0.919	11	0.314
Lower No. 8 Darin	0.146	11	0.200	0.931	11	0.423
No. 11 Drain	0.186	11	0.200	0.944	11	0.574
Edko Drain	0.183	10	0.200	0.920	10	0.353
Barsiq Drain	0.193	11	0.200	0.908	11	0.230
El Umum Drain	0.109	11	0.200	0.969	11	0.874
El Qalaa Drain	0.191	11	0.200	0.964	11	0.821
West Nubaria Drain	0.166	10	0.200	0.975	10	0.934
Drain No. 1	0.113	11	0.200	0.965	11	0.830
Gharbia Drain	0.140	11	0.200	0.962	11	0.800
Tabia Drain	0.199	11	0.200	0.926	11	0.373
Max pump station	0.228	11	0.114	0.891	11	0.144

Fig. 4 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Lake Manzala; (a) Bahr ElBaqar Drain, (b) Bahr Hadus Drain, (c) Matareya Drain, and (d) Ramsis Drain.

Table 3 Temporal trends of WQI (Y) over time period from 2002 to 2013 (X) of drains discharged to coast Delta lagoons and Mediterranean Sea.

Drains	Discharged to	WQI (Y)
		P	R^2%	B
Bahr Baqar Drain	Lake Manzala	0.006	68.7	0.928
Bahr Hadus Drain		0.294	12.1	−0.707
Matareya Drain		0.076	30.8	2.277
Ramsis Drain		0.008	55.9	−2.038
Mahsama Drain	Lake Timsah	0.371	9.0	1.104
Nashart Drain	Lake Burullus	0.057	34.6	−1.709
Tira Drain		0.739	1.3	0.202
No. 7 Drain		0.472	5.9	−0.676
Lower No. 8 Darin		0.668	2.1	0.239
No. 11 Drain		0.009	55.2	1.315
Edko Drain	Lake Edko	0.346	9.9	0.917
Barsiq Drain		0.137	22.9	0.978
El Umum Drain	Lake Mariut	0.267	13.4	0.952
El Qalaa Drain		0.137	22.8	0.257
West Nubaria Drain		0.474	6.6	0.514
Drain No. 1	Mediterranean Sea	0.004	61.7	1.696
Gharbia Drain		0.791	0.8	−0.198
Tabia Drain		0.017	48.7	0.866
Max pump station		0.255	14.1	0.649
Median		0.369	9.0	0.372

Fig. 5 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the Mahsama drainage water flowing to Lake Timsah.

Fig. 6 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Lake Burullus; Nashart Drain, Tira Drain, No. 7 Drain, Lower No. 8 Darin, and No. 11 Drain (from top to bottom, respectively).

Fig. 7 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Lake Edko; (a) Edko Drain, and (b) Barsiq Drain.

Fig. 8 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Lake Mariut; (a) El Umum Drain, (b) West Nubaria Drain, and (c) El Qalaa Drain.

Fig. 9 Temporal trends in indicators of water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Mediterranean Sea; (a) Drain No. 1, (b) Gharbia Drain, (c) Tabia Drain, and (d) Max pump station.

Fig. 10 Temporal trends in indicators of median water quality index for the drainage water flowing to Northern Lakes or Mediterranean Sea.

Table 4 Temporal trends of WQI (Y) over normalized sum of total coliform excursions^a (X) from 2002 to 2013 of drains discharged to coast Delta lagoons and Mediterranean Sea.

Drains	Discharged to	WQI (Y)
		P	R^2%	B
Bahr Baqar Drain	Lake Manzala	0.020	56.1	−10.672
Bahr Hadus Drain		0.000	83.2	−2.127
Matareya Drain		0.000	75.9	−2.178
Ramsis Drain		0.003	63.8	−4.170
Mahsama Drain	Lake Timsah	0.000	79.3	−0.422
Nashart Drain	Lake Burullus	0.000	83.7	−3.259
Tira Drain		0.000	82.9	−1.067
No. 7 Drain		0.001	75.5	−4.013
Lower No. 8 Darin		0.000	77.5	−7.576
No. 11 Drain		0.001	81.5	−4.190
Edko Drain	Lake Edko	0.001	73.1	−6.269
Barsiq Drain		0.000	85.3	−1.027
El Umum Drain	Lake Mariut	0.001	74.7	−1.951
El Qalaa Drain		0.172	19.7	−993.708
West Nubaria Drain		0.000	89.2	−0.573
Drain No. 1	Mediterranean Sea	0.000	88.7	−1.890
Gharbia Drain		0.003	64.5	−4.407
Tabia Drain		0.040	38.9	−154.711
Max pump station		0.020	46.9	−9.435
Median		0.000	83.3	−2.053

a $\text{Total coliform excursion}={\sum }_{i=1}^n{\text{excursion}}_i\left(\frac{\text{Falied}\text{test}\text{value}}{\text{objective}(4000\text{CFU}/100\text{ml})}\right)-1\text{.}$

Table 5 Number of sewage water treatment plants in fiscal year 2010/2011.

Governorate	No. of stations	Design capacity (m^3/day)	Average of Actual capacity (m^3/day)
1	Cairo	8	1,279,000
2	Giza	5	1,670,000
3	El-Qallliopiah	3	2,685,000
4	Alexandria	16	1,438,880
5	Kafr El-Sheikh	25	368,170
6	El-Sharkeya	28	3,904,100
7	Damietta	27	317,150
8	Dakahlia	41	572,500
9	El-Beheira	22	369,200
10	El-Garbia	30	507,000
11	El-Menoufia	18	344,500
12	El-Minya	11	216,600
13	BaniSueif	12	229,250
14	Aswan	14	119,851
15	El-Fayoum	24	253,879
16	Luxor	5	51,500
17	Qena	4	77,000
18	Sohage	4	205,000
19	Ismailia	7	150,000
20	Port Said	5	234,000
21	Suez	3	144,000
22	Assiut and New valley	5	181,000
23	North and South Sinai	14	192,600
24	Red Sea	1	18,000
25	Matrouh	1	25,000

Source: Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, 2012).