DNA immunization as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction

Figures & data

Table 1 Types of DNA vaccine immunogens used for mAb induction

Immunogen inserts	Original types of proteins	References
Full length	Transmembrane	^Citation19, Citation20, Citation21, Citation22, Citation23, Citation24, Citation25, Citation26, Citation27, Citation28, Citation29, Citation30
	Extracellular matrix	^Citation42
	GPI anchor	^Citation43
	Intracellular	^Citation25, Citation28, Citation31, Citation32
	Secretory	^Citation25, Citation44, Citation45, Citation46, Citation47
	Viral	^Citation25, Citation48,Citation49, Citation50, Citation51, Citation52, Citation53
	Bacteria	^Citation54
Extracellular domain	Single transmembrane	^Citation33, Citation34, Citation35, Citation36, Citation37
Fragment/subunit	Any type	^Citation25, Citation38, Citation39, Citation55
Mini-gene insert	Any type	^Citation40
Novel format, vaccibody	Secretory	^Citation56
Immunogen-transmembrane domain fusion	Viral non-structure	^Citation41
Immunogen-Fc fusion	Intracellular	^Citation57, Citation58

Abbreviation: glycophosphatidylinositol, GPI.

Table 2 Screening methods

Screening reagent	Original type of protein	Screening method	References
Proteins	Secretory	ELISA	^Citation37, Citation38, Citation39, Citation40, Citation42, Citation44, Citation45, Citation46, Citation47, Citation50, Citation51, Citation54, Citation55, Citation56
	Intracellular	ELISA	^Citation36, Citation57, Citation58
	Single transmembrane	ELISA	^Citation21, Citation22
Cells expressing immunogens	Transmembrane	FACS	^Citation19, Citation20, Citation21, Citation23, Citation24, Citation26, Citation27, Citation29, Citation30, Citation34, Citation35
		Whole cell ELISA	^Citation33, Citation43
	Viral envelope	Whole cell ELISA	^Citation48, Citation49
		Immunostaining	^Citation53
	Intracellular	In-cell western	^Citation28
		IHC	^Citation25, Citation31, Citation32
Viral particles	Viral	Dot enzyme immunoassay	^Citation41
		ELISA	^Citation52

Abbreviation: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA; fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS; immunohistochemistry, IHC.

Table 3 DNA vaccine delivery approaches used for mAb induction

Delivery approaches	Original types of protein	References
Gene gun	Single transmembrane (Flt-3R)	^Citation33
	Intracellular (PED/PEA-15)	^Citation57
	Intracellular (annexin-V)	^Citation58
	Single transmembrane (CAR)	^Citation22
	Two- transmembrane (P2X7)	^Citation24
	GPI anchored enzyme	^Citation43
	Intracelluar (BCL-6)	^Citation31
	Intracelluar (MALT1)	^Citation32
	Single transmembrane (MHCI-related gene A)	^Citation34
	Parasite lipoprotein	^Citation55
	Viral envelop (HIV gp120)	^Citation37
IM	Bacteria toxin (Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cyto toxin)	^Citation38
	Seven transmembrane, GPCR (TSHR)	^Citation19
	Viral envelop (HGV E2)	^Citation48
	Seven transmembrane, GPCR (TSHR)	^Citation20
	Viral non-structure (Dengue NS1)	^Citation41
	Viral envelop (H5N1)	^Citation49
	Secretory protein, enzyme (prostate-specific antigen)	^Citation45
	Viral surface (HBV preS2/S)	^Citation50
	Seven transmembrane, GPCR (TSHR)	^Citation23
	Secretory protein, cytokine (CKLF1)	^Citation44
	Secretory protein, cytokine (Interferon beta)	^Citation46
ID	Single transmembrane (RET and CD30)	^Citation21
	Extracellular matrix and plasma glycoprotein (Fibulin-1)	^Citation42
	Single transmembrane (CD2)	^Citation35
IM followed by EP	Seven transmembrane, GPCR (CCX-CKR)	^Citation27
	Viral envelop (H5N1)	^Citation52
	Secretory (mCherry)	^Citation56
	Viral envelop (H1)	^Citation53
	Bacteria toxin (C. difficile toxin A)	^Citation39
ID followed by EP	Multiple targets (transmembrane, intracellular)	^Citation28

Abbreviations: B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, BCL-6; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, CAR; cluster of differentiation 2, CD2; cluster of differentiation 30, CD30; chemokine-like factor 1, CKLF1; electroporation, EP; fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 receptor, Flt-3R; hepatitis B virus, HBV; hepatitis G virus E2 protein, HGV E2; intradermal, ID; intramuscular, IM; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1, MALT1; P2X purinoceptor 7, P2X7; phosphoprotein over expressed in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, PED/PEA-15; rearranged during transfection, RET; thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, TSHR.

Table 4 Options for the final boost

Type of boost	Original types of proteins	References
DNA by IM or ID	Any type	^Citation42, Citation45, Citation51
DNA by HTV	Any type	^Citation25, Citation27, Citation30
Protein	Secretory	^Citation39, Citation47, Citation56
	Intracellular	^Citation54, Citation57, Citation58
	Single-transmembrane/GPI anchored	^Citation34, Citation37, Citation43
Cells expressing immunogen	Transmembrane	^Citation19, Citation20, Citation21, Citation23, Citation24, Citation35, Citation48, Citation49
	Intracellular	^Citation25, Citation28, Citation31, Citation32
Viral particle	Viral surface	^Citation51Citation–Citation53

Abbreviations: hydrodynamic tail vein, HTV; intradermal, ID; intramuscular, IM.

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