Dental erosive wear in primary teeth among five-year-olds – Bergen, Norway

Figures & data

Figure 1. A flow chart of participants.

Table 1. Ordinal scale used for grading severity of dental erosion on buccal and lingual surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth [33].

		Merged groups
0	No visible changes. Developmental structures remain. Macro-morphology intact.	Erosion group 1
1	Smoothened enamel. Developmental structures are totally or partially vanished. Enamel surface is shiny, matt, irregular, ‘melted’, rounded or flat. Macro-morphology generally intact.
2	Enamel surface as described in grade 1. Macro-morphology clearly changed. Faceting or concavity formation within the enamel. No dentinal exposure.	Erosion group 2
3	Enamel surface as described in grades 1 and 2. Macro-morphology greatly changed (close to dentinal exposure of large surfaces) or dentine surface exposed ≤1/3.
4	Enamel surface as described in grades 1, 2 and 3. Dentine surface exposed >1/3. Pulp visible through the dentine.	Erosion group 3

Note: approximal erosion and presence of ‘shoulder’ should be recorded.

Table 2. Ordinal scale used for grading cuppings on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars and primary molars [30].

		Merged groups
0	No cupping/intact cusp tip	Cupping group 1
1	Rounded cusp tip*	Cupping group 2
2	Cupping ≤1 mm
3	Cupping >1 mm	Cupping group 3
4	Fused cuppings: at least two cuppings are fused together on the same tooth

*Changed morphology compared to the assumed original anatomy at the time of eruption.

Figure 2. Percentage distribution of cupping groups (groups 1, 2, 3)/individuals on first molars (teeth 54, 64, 74, 84) and second primary molars (teeth 55, 65, 75, 85) in all examined children (n = 387).

Table 3. Results of both bivariate and multiple logistic regression (ORs with CIs) of possible relationship between various independent background variables and allocation into the group ‘Worst affected by erosive wear’ (n = 75).

Bivariate logistic regression	OR	CI	p Value
Both parents’ age >40 years	1.74	0.85–3.53	.128
Both parents’ education < higher education level	0.92	0.54–1.57	.757
Both parents originating outside Norway	0.95	0.42–2.16	.895
Gender– being a boy	1.77	1.06–2.95	.029*
Asthma medication – yes	0.96	0.42–2.19	.928
Snoring – yes	1.33	0.78–2.27	.294
Tooth brushing by caregivers – ≤1 time/day	1.22	0.73–2.04	.440
Start age tooth brushing ≥1 year old	0.80	0.40–1.62	.535
Bottle feeding with acidic beverage – yes	1.39	0.73–2.57	.329
Grinding teeth during night and/or day – yes	1.82	1.05–3.15	.032*
Apples ≥1 times/day	0.75	0.44–1.27	.288
Citrus fruit ≥1 times/day	0.58	0.27–1.22	.154
Apples daily between meals – yes	0.66	0.34–1.28	.223
Juice concentrate ≥1 times/day	1.09	0.53–2.23	.823
Fruit juice ≥1 times/day	1.29	0.64–2.61	.477
Multivariate logistic regression
Gender– being a boy	1.76	1.05–2.96	.033*
Snoring – yes	1.16	0.67–2.00	.599
Bottle feeding with acidic beverage – yes	1.50	0.79–2.86	.329
Grinding teeth during night and/or day – yes	1.87	1.07–3.25	.027*

*p-Value <.05.

Table 4. Various independent variables dichotomized and used in the regression analyses.

	n	%
According to the parents
Nationality (both parents outside Norway) (respondents: n = 378)
0 = One or both Norwegian	336	88.9
1 = Both outside Norway	42	11.1
Education (respondents: n = 379)
0 = Both high education university/college	240	63.3
1 = One or both low education	139	36.7
Age (respondents: n = 327)
0 = One or both ≤40 years	262	80.1
1 = Both >40 years	65	19.9
According to the children
Gender (respondents: n = 387)
0 = Girl	204	52.7
1 = Boy	183	47.3
Asthma medication (respondents: n = 387)
0 = No	343	88.6
1 = Yes	44	11.4
Snoring (respondents: n = 379)
0 = No	260	68.6
1 = Yes	119	31.4
Tooth brushing by caregivers (respondents: n = 379)
0 = ≥2 times/day	225	59.4
1 = ≤1 time/day	154	40.6
Start age tooth brushing (respondents: n = 376)
0 = From first tooth	310	82.4
1 = ≥1 year old	66	17.6
Bottle feeding with acidic beverage (respondents: n = 378)
0 = No	311	82.3
1 = Yes	67	17.7
Grinding teeth during night and/or day (respondents: n = 380)
0 = no, do not know	285	75.0
1 = Yes	95	25.0
Apples ≥1 times/day (respondents: n = 377)
0 = ≤3–5 times/week	224	59.4
1 = ≥1 times/day	153	40.6
Citrus fruit ≥1 times/day (respondents: n = 377)
0 = ≤3–5 times/week	298	81.9
1 = ≥1 times/day	66	18.1
Apples daily between meals (respondents: n = 375)
0 = Apples seldom or as part of meals	289	77.1
1 = Daily between meals	86	22.9
Juice concentrate ≥1 times/day (respondents: n = 372)
0 = ≤3–5 times/week	319	85.8
1 = ≥1 times/day	53	14.2
Fruit juice ≥1 times/day
0 = ≤3–5 times/week	317	86.2
1 = ≥1 times/day	51	13.8

Hasselkvist A, Johansson A, Johansson AK. Dental erosion and soft drink consumption in Swedish children and adolescents and the development of a simplified erosion partial recording system. Swed Dent J. 2010;34:187–195.

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