Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Surface and Wastewater by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE): A Minireview

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of the reviewed CE methods using ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detectors for pharmaceuticals in environmental waters.

Compound	Drug Type	CE Mode	Buffer	Detector	Preconcentration Step	Recovery (%)	Limit of detection (µg/mL)	Limit of quantification (µg/mL)
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	–	0.30	0.90
17α-Methyltestosterone	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	–	0.07	0.21
Amoxicillin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	82.3 − 95.6	0.0012	–
Anastrozole	Hormone	MEKC	50 mM sodium borate pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS	UV	SPE Strata SDB-L styrene–divinylbenzene	83.2	2.3	7.8
Androstenedione	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	50 − 79	0.50	1.50
Benzylpenicillin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	89.2 − 99.1	0.0009	–
Carbamazepine	Anticonvulsant	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.7	UV	SPE Oasis HLB	108.0	0.0029	–
Cefalexin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	91.1 − 108.4	0.0006	–
Cefotiam	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	83.3 − 101.9	0.0004	–
Cefmetazole	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	92.9 − 115.7	0.0005	–
Clofibric Acid	Fibrate	CZE	31.25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.75	UV	SPME & LVSS	99.7	0.0097 − 0.00127	0.0029-0.0038
Cloxacillin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	86.9 − 105.4	0.0007	–
Estradiol-glucoside	Hormone	CZE	20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	23 − 76	0.28	0.85
Estradiol-glucoside	Hormone	CZE	0.2 M 2-cyclohexylamino]-1-propane-sulfonic acids (CAPS)	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	40 − 49	0.06 − 0.37	0.17 − 1.10
Exemestane	Hormone	MEKC	50 mM sodium borate pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS	UV	SPE Strata SDB-L styrene–divinylbenzene	72.5	7.7	25.6
Fluxoymesterone	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	–	0.50	1.50
Ibuprofen	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID)	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.7	UV	SPE Oasis HLB	102.0	0.0013	–
Ketoprofen	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID)	CZE	31.25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.75	UV	SPME & LVSS	97.7	0.0097 − 0.0013	0.0029-0.0038
Letrozole	Hormone	MEKC	50 mM sodium borate pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS	UV	SPE Strata SDB-L styrene–divinylbenzene	86.1	1.2	4.0
Mifepristone	Hormone	MEKC	50 mM sodium borate pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS	UV	SPE Strata SDB-L styrene–divinylbenzene	74.7	4.3	14.5
Naproxen	Non-sterodial anti-inflammatory (NSAID)	CZE	31.25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.75	UV	SPME & LVSS	97.9	0.0097 − 0.00127	0.0029-0.0038
Norflaxcin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	87.5 − 102.5	0.0006	–
Pefloxacin	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	97.6 − 110.4	0.0006	–
Progesterone	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	51 − 60	0.11	0.32
Salbutamol Sulfate	Bronchodilator	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.7	UV	SPE Oasis HLB	102.0	0.0018	–
Sulfaceamide	Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfadizine	Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfathiazole	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	88.3 − 107.8	0.0005	–
Sulfamethzine	Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfmerazine	Sulfonamide Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfamonomethoxine	Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfamethoxazole	Antibiotic	CZE	20.00 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1	UV	–	89	0.0021 − 0.0675	0.0072-0.1981
Sulfamethoxazole	Antibiotic	CZE	phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.5 with 50 mM NaCl and 35 mmol/L isopropanol	ECL	HF-SPE	81.6 − 101.1	0.0004	–
Testosterone	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	–	0.38	1.15
Testosterone-glucoside	Hormone	MEKC	20 mM ammonium acetate with SDS and sodium taurocholate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	98	0.50	1.50
Testosterone- glucoside	Hormone	CZE	20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 9.68	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	–	0.27	0.80
Testosterone- glucoside	Hormone	CZE	0.2 M 2-cyclohexylamino]-1-propane-sulfonic acids (CAPS)	UV	SPE strata X and amine silane	36 − 71	0.08 − 0.47	0.24 − 1.41
Toremifene	Hormone	MEKC	50 mM sodium borate pH 9.5 with 50 mM SDS	UV	SPE Strata SDB-L styrene–divinylbenzene	78.9	3.6	11.9