Standards? Whose standards?

Figures & data

Table 1. Case study building summaries.

Building	Build or refurb date	Location and tenancy	Standards designed to	Occupancy density designed to	HVAC	Small power provision: base and additional capacity	Interviewees	Area (given, converted, rounded)
A	2013	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Excellent, EPC B	1:10m^2, 1:8m^2 achievable	4 pipe fan coil air conditioning	25+15W/m^2: 40	Architects (3), M&E (1), Developer (1): 5	150,000ft^2, 14,000 m^2
B	2011	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Excellent. BCO 2009	1:10m^2	Displacement ventilation, mixed mode, opening windows	15+10 W/m^2: 25	Architects (2), M&E (1): 3	33,000ft^2 3,000m^2
C	2013	Mid-town edge of CBD	BREEAM Excellent (2008). EPC B	1:10m^2	VRF (variable refrigerant flow) air-conditioning	25+15W/m^2: 40	Architect (1), M&E (1): 2	64,000ft^2, 6,000m^2
D	2014	Mid-town edge of CBD, single pre-let	BREEAM Outstanding. BREEAM 2008	1:8m^2	Displacement ventilation, mixed mode	15W/m^2	Architects (2), M&E (1), Developer (1), Occupier (1): 5	150,000ft^2, 14,000m^2
E	2014	Mid-town edge of CBD	BREEAM Excellent 2011. EPC B	1:8m^2	Chilled ceilings and passive chilled beams.	25+10W/m^2: 35	Architect (1), M&E (2), Letting Agent (2): 5	91,000ft^2, 8,500m^2
F	2014	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Excellent	1:8m^2	Variable Air Volume (VAV) 4 pipe fan coils air-conditioning	25+20W/m^2 (all floors except 1st and 2nd which are 25+40 W/m^2) : 45–65	Architects (2), M&E (1), Letting Agent (1): 4	160,000ft^2, 15,000m^2
G	1960s, refurb 80s, 2013	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Very Good	1:8–1:12m^2	4 pipe fan coil air conditioning	25W/m^2	Architect (1), M&E (1): 2	80,000ft^2, 7,500m^2
H	Late 80s, refurb 2014	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Excellent	1:10m^2	4 pipe fan coil air conditioning	25+40W/m^2 for 20% of NIA: 25–65	Architect (1), M&E (1), Letting Agent (1): 3	68,500ft^2, 6,500m^2
I	80s refurb 2014	City/West End CBD	BREEAM Excellent EPC B	1:10m^2	4 pipe fan coil air conditioning	15+25W/m^2: 40	Architects (2), M&E (1), Developer (1), Letting Agent (1): 5	88,500ft^2, 8,000m^2
J	Early 80s refurb 2010	Mid-town edge of CBD	BREEAM Excellent	1:10m^2	Displacement ventilation, mixed mode, opening windows	30W/m^2	Architect (1), M&E (1), Developers (2): 4	246,000ft^2, 23,000m^2