Overcooling in UAE homes: health issues and implications for learning efficiency

Figures & data

Table 1. Sequential Outline of the Research Process and Methods.

Step	Description
1. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework	Understanding EEG and its frequency bands related to brain activity. Understanding the relevance of each brain wave type to attention levels. Identifying the role of different brain lobes in attention and cognition.
2. Setup Preparation	Preparation of the artificial climate room to control environmental parameters. Setting up EEG measurement equipment and other related apparatus.
3. Participant Selection and Preparation	Selection of participants with specific criteria to ensure validity. Acquiring necessary approvals and ensuring participants’ health and readiness.
4. Experimental Procedure	Conducting the experiment in a controlled environment, measuring EEG data during various tasks and thermal conditions. Administering the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) for Visual Stimuli to measure attention levels while collecting EEG data.
5. Data Collection	Collection of EEG data, performance metrics from CPT, and thermal comfort survey data. Storing and organizing data for analysis.
6. Data Pre-processing	Artifact removal from EEG data, especially those caused by eye movement. Filtering and preparing EEG data for analysis.
7. Data Analysis	Power Spectrum and Relative Power Analysis to understand the weight of each EEG frequency band. Analyzing attention level based on EEG frequency ratios and performance in visual stimuli tasks. Statistical analysis of data using IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1.0.
8. Result Interpretation	Interpreting the results to understand the relationship between attention levels, EEG data, and thermal comfort. Comparing results with existing literature and theoretical frameworks.

Table 2. EEG Frequency Band Classification and Related Brain Activity.

Types of Brain Waves	Frequency Band	Related Brain Activity
Delta(δ)	0.5–4 Hz	Deep sleep state
Theta(θ)	4–8 Hz	General sleep state, drowsiness, meditation
Alpha(α)	8–13 Hz	Emotional stability, rest, comfortable state
Beta(β)	13–30 Hz	Mental activity, arousal, tension, stress
Gamma(γ)	Above 30Hz	Advanced information processing process, complex mental activity

Table 3. Artificial Climate Room Specifications.

Air conditioning equipment	7.5 HP
Temperature/humidity sensor	PT100Ω /accuracy ±0.15
Airflow speed	0.1 m/s
Artificial lighting	36W LED fluorescent light (ML-2X36W)
Wall finish condition	Water-based paint (Installing off-white roll screen on the wall)
Floor finish condition	Tiles

Table 4. Experimental Conditions in the Anterior Chamber and Artificial Climatic Chamber.

	Air temperature (℃)		Relative Humidity (%)		Airflow speed (m/s)	Metabolism (met)
	Set Value	Realized Value	Set Value	Realized Value	Realized Value	Calculated Value
Anterior Chamber	24.0	24.13 ±0.21	50	46.39 ±0.56	<0.1	1.1 (ISO 7730)
Artificial Climatic Chamber	20.5	20.12 ±0.02	50	46.16 ±0.48
	24.0	24.15 ±0.03	50	47.15 ±0.41

Figure 1. Artificial Climate Room.

Table 5. General Characteristics of the Subject.

Age (years)	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	Clothing amount (clo)	Metabolism (met)
24.61 ± 1.48	174.82 ± 5.20	68.34 ± 6.85	0.71	1.1

Figure 2. International 10–20 Electrode Arrangement Method and Measuring Area.

Figure 3. Type of Stimulus.

Figure 4. Stimulus Presentation Protocol.

Table 6. Thermal Comfort Survey Scale.

	Scale	Description
Thermal Sensation	+3	Hot
	+2	Warm
	+1	Slightly Warm
	0	Neutral
	−1	Slightly Cool
	−2	Cool
	−3	Cold
Thermal Comfort	+3	Hot
	+2	Warm
	+1	Slightly Warm
	0	Neutral (Comfortable)
	−1	Slightly Cool
	−2	Cool
	−3	Cold

Figure 5. Attention Level of the Frontal Head during Visual CPT.

Figure 6. Attention Level of the Frontal Head During Learning Performance.

Table 7. Comparison of EEG Relative Power according to Room Temperature during Visual CPT.

	Location	Temperature (°C)	Relative Power	Standard Deviation	Relative Power Difference	t	Probability of Significance
Relative Theta	Fp1	24.0	0.6066	0.1771	0.0756	4.348	0.000***
		20.5	0.5312	0.1728
	Fp2	24.0	0.5750	0.2072	0.0878	4.216	0.000***
		20.5	0.4872	0.1956
	Fz	24.0	0.4730	0.1428	0.0472	3.520	0.001**
		20.5	0.4257	0.1618
Relative Alpha	Fp1	24.0	0.1602	0.0578	−0.0065	−1.440	0.152
		20.5	0.1668	0.0606
	Fp2	24.0	0.1532	0.0638	−0.0156	−3.688	0.000***
		20.5	0.1686	0.0641
	Fz	24.0	0.2556	0.0983	−0.0021	−0.348	0.727
		20.5	0.2576	0.0988
Relative Low Beta	Fp1	24.0	0.0916	0.0516	−0.0226	−4.526	0.000***
		20.5	0.1144	0.0558
	Fp2	24.0	0.0956	0.0522	−0.0277	−4.742	0.000***
		20.5	0.1234	0.0580
	Fz	24.0	0.1326	0.0481	−0.0196	−4.416	0.000***
		20.5	0.1522	0.0612
Relative High Beta	Fp1	24.0	0.1144	0.0794	−0.0352	−4.336	0.000***
		20.5	0.1495	0.0872
	Fp2	24.0	0.1404	0.1136	−0.0346	−3.050	0.003**
		20.5	0.1750	0.1120
	Fz	24.0	0.1210	0.0954	−0.0156	−1.958	0.052
		20.5	0.1366	0.0738
Relative Gamma	Fp1	24.0	0.0276	0.0223	−0.0107	−4.530	0.000***
		20.5	0.0382	0.0263
	Fp2	24.0	0.0356	0.0314	−0.0093	−2.986	0.003**
		20.5	0.0452	0.0324
	Fz	24.0	0.0228	0.0172	−0.0044	−2.821	0.005**
		20.5	0.0272	0.0193

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Table 8. Comparison of EEG Relative Power according to Room Temperature during Learning Performance.

	Location	Temperature (°C)	Relative Power	Standard Deviation	Relative Power Difference	t	Probability of Significance
Relative Theta	Fp1	24.0	0.5832	0.1686	0.0405	2.526	0.013*
		20.5	0.5424	0.1610
	Fp2	24.0	0.5632	0.1848	0.0678	3.758	0.000***
		20.5	0.4954	0.1705
	Fz	24.0	0.4544	0.1476	0.0327	2.368	0.020*
		20.5	0.4218	0.1678
Relative Alpha	Fp1	24.0	0.1852	0.0566	−0.0092	−1.993	0.048*
		20.5	0.1944	0.0605
	Fp2	24.0	0.1852	0.0746	−0.0121	−2.486	0.014*
		20.5	0.1973	0.0735
	Fz	24.0	0.2442	0.0914	−0.0013	−0.194	0.846
		20.5	0.2454	0.0968
Relative Low Beta	Fp1	24.0	0.1064	0.0570	−0.0126	−2.292	0.024*
		20.5	0.1190	0.0566
	Fp2	24.0	0.1114	0.0580	−0.0222	−3.617	0.000***
		20.5	0.1337	0.0571
	Fz	24.0	0.1448	0.0498	−0.0123	−2.83	0.014*
		20.5	0.1571	0.0604
Relative High Beta	Fp1	24.0	0.1014	0.0672	−0.0134	−1.801	0.074
		20.5	0.1150	0.0706
	Fp2	24.0	0.1126	0.0730	−0.0256	−2.962	0.004**
		20.5	0.1381	0.0766
	Fz	24.0	0.1302	0.0684	−0.0140	−2.044	0.042*
		20.5	0.1442	0.0822
Relative Gamma	Fp1	24.0	0.0236	0.0164	−0.0054	−2.619	0.010*
		20.5	0.0292	0.0224
	Fp2	24.0	0.0276	0.0188	−0.0078	−3.088	0.002**
		20.5	0.0354	0.0248
	Fz	24.0	0.0264	0.0158	−0.0051	−2.814	0.006**
		20.5	0.0316	0.0261

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Figure 7. Attention Level for Each Session in the Frontal Head during the Visual CPT.

Figure 8. Attention Level for Each Session in the Frontal Head during Learning.

Table 9. Comparison of Visual CPT Results according to Room Temperature.

Results	Temperature (°C)	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean Difference	t
Number of correct responses	24.0	747.12	2.29	0.65	0.972
	20.5	746.46	3.43
Number of omission errors	24.0	0.64	0.98	0.10	0.532
	20.5	0.54	1.00
Number of commission errors	24.0	2.23	1.82	−0.74	−1.305
	20.5	2.96	2.81
Reaction time (msec)	24.0	526.28	92.49	1.07	0.126
	20.5	525.21	82.63
The standard deviation of reaction time (msec)	24.0	24.75	16.42	0.60	0.174
	20.5	24.15	21.21

Data availability statement

New data were created or analyzed in this study. Data will be shared upon request and consideration of the authors.