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Environmental Sciences

Foliar Nitrogen Responses to the Environmental Gradient Matrix of the Adirondack Park, New York

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Pages 1-16 | Received 01 Dec 2009, Accepted 01 Dec 2010, Published online: 09 Aug 2011
 

Abstract

Maps derived from remote sensing of canopy nitrogen (N) provide a potential avenue to make spatially explicit, regional-scale predictions of the vital forest ecosystem services that are coupled to the cycling of N and carbon. Yet, to fully use canopy N maps in this capacity, it is necessary to understand how canopy species with differing resource strategies will adjust foliar N in response to environmental variability. In this study, we relate a regional survey of foliar N data from a diverse set of forest tree species in the Adirondack Park, New York, to a holistic matrix of environmental gradients thought to control spatial variability of foliar N. Stepwise multiple regression models developed for each species indicate that neighboring species and abiotic gradients of resource availability play a lesser role, and anthropogenic influences (caused by historic disturbances and atmospheric N deposition) are the strongest drivers of spatial variability in foliar N. Moreover, we find that the plasticity of the total foliar N response to measured environmental variability is strongly related to two indexes of a species’ resource strategy—leaf mass per area and shade tolerance. Collectively, these results (1) further demonstrate the utility of an environmental gradient matrix approach to studying complex ecosystems; (2) emphasize the potentially dominant role of humans in controlling future nutrient cycling, even within this “forever wild” forest ecosystem; and (3) suggest that spatially explicit measurements of foliar N, environmental gradients, and plant resource strategies might provide a pathway to map and forecast ecosystem services at regional scales.

Los mapas obtenidos de la teledetección de nitrógeno (N) en el dosel se muestran como una posible vía para hacer espacialmente explícitas predicciones a escala regional de los vitales servicios ecosistémicos forestales que se acoplan a los ciclos de nitrógeno y carbono. Pero, para hacer pleno uso de los mapas de N de dosel en toda su capacidad, es necesario entender cómo las especies de dosel con diferentes estrategias de recursos ajustan el N foliar en respuesta a la variabilidad ambiental. En este estudio relacionamos una medición regional de data de N foliar de un conjunto diverso de especies de árboles forestales en el Parque Adirondack, New York, a una matriz integral de gradientes ambientales que se considera controlan la variabilidad espacial del N foliar. Modelos de regresión múltiple desarrollados por etapas para cada especie indican que las especies vecinas y los gradientes abióticos con disponibilidad de recursos juegan un papel menor, y que las influencias antropogénicas (causadas por alteraciones históricas y deposición de N atmosférico) son las principales impulsoras de la variabilidad espacial de N foliar. Es más, encontramos que la plasticidad de la total respuesta de N foliar a la medida de la variabilidad del medio ambiente está fuertemente relacionada a dos índices de estrategia de recursos de una especie—masa de hojas por área y tolerancia a la sombra. En conjunto, estos resultados (1) demuestran una vez más la utilidad de un enfoque de gradiente matricial ambiental para el estudio de ecosistemas complejos; (2) destacan el potencialmente dominante rol de los seres humanos para controlar los futuros ciclos de nutrientes, inclusive dentro de este “siempre salvaje” ecosistema forestal; y (3) sugieren que las mediciones espacialmente explícitas de N foliar, gradientes ambientales, y estrategias de recursos vegetales podrían proporcionar una vía para mapear y predecir servicios ecosistémicos a escalas regionales.

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the field, laboratory, and logistical support of many individuals, including Craig Mackowiak, Mario Montesdeoca, Don Bickelhaupt, Marlene Hall and her staff at the Syracuse University Department of Public Safety, Karen Roy and her staff at the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, the office staff and rangers of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Region Five, the staff at the SUNY ESF Adirondack Ecological Center, members of the Adirondack Park Agency GIS office, and the many private landowners who allowed us to collect samples on their land. We appreciate funding from the W. M. Keck Foundation, Syracuse University, and the NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program. We particularly thank Jacob Bendix, Peng Gao, Gary Lovett, Mark Monmonier, Marie-Louise Smith, Philip Townsend, and the anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved this research and the article.

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