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Methods, Models, and GIS

Modeling Social Ties and Household Mobility

Pages 40-59 | Received 01 Jul 2012, Accepted 01 May 2013, Published online: 20 Nov 2013
 

Abstract

Underlying the aggregate phenomena of persistent problems such as urban sprawl and spatial socioeconomic disparity is the individual choice of where to live. This study develops an agent-based model to simulate social and economic influences on neighborhood choice. With Danville, Illinois, as an empirical context, a pattern-oriented approach is employed to examine the role of social ties in shaping intraurban household mobility. In the model, household agents decide whether and where to relocate within the community based on factors such as neighborhood attractiveness, affordability, and the density of a household's social network in the prospective block group. Social network and neighborhood choices are encoded with logit utility functions. The relative influence of factors affecting the formation of social ties in the simulated social network, such as geographic proximity, similarity of income, race, and presence of children, are adjusted using parameter variation to create alternative model settings. Simulated migration patterns resulting from different network and neighborhood choice coefficients are compared with observed migration patterns over a two-year period. Based on 1,000 simulation experiments, a regression of homeowner migration error (the difference between simulated and observed migration) relative to the parameter settings revealed components of social network choice such as income, race, and probability of local ties to be significant in matching observed migration patterns. A nonlinear effect of simulated social networks on household mobility and thus migration error was exhibited in this study.

强调长久存在问题的整体现象, 例如城市蔓延与空间社会经济不均, 是个人对于居住地的选择。本研究建构一个根据行动者的模型, 用以模拟社会及经济对于邻里选择的影响。本研究以伊利诺州丹维尔做为经验脉络, 运用以模型为导向的方法, 检视社会联繫在形塑都市间家户流动性中的角色。在模型中, 家户行动者根据诸如邻里吸引力、可负担性, 以及该家户在预期地的社群中的社会网络密度等因素, 决定是否迁居以及在社区的何处定居。社会网络与邻里选择, 将以罗吉特效用函数进行编码。在模拟的社会网络中, 影响形成社会联繫的相关因素, 诸如地理邻近性、收入的相似性、种族与子女养育, 则运用参数变异加以调整, 以创造替代性的模型设定。由不同的网络和邻里选择係数所导出的模拟迁徙模式, 将与两年期间观察到的迁徙模式相互比较。根据一千个模拟实验, 与参数设定有关的房屋持有者的迁徙错误 (模拟和观察到的迁徙差异) 回归模型, 显示诸如收入、种族与在地联繫的可能性等社会网络选择要素, 对于使模型得以吻合观察到的迁徙而言相当重要。本文亦展示了研究中, 模拟社会网络对于家户流动性以及迁徙错误的非线性影响。

La decisión individual de escoger dónde vivir está subrayada por la sumatoria de fenómenos agregados en problemas persistentes como la dispersión urbana y la disparidad espacial socioeconómica. Este estudio desarrolla un modelo basado en agente para simular las influencias sociales y económicas que obran en la escogencia de vecindario. Tomando como contexto empírico a Danville, Illinois, se utilizó un enfoque orientado por patrones para examinar el papel de los lazos sociales en la conformación de la movilidad intra-urbana de hogares. En el modelo, los agentes del hogar deciden si han de relocalizarse dentro de la comunidad y dónde, con base en factores como lo atractivo del vecindario, la viabilidad económica de la decisión y la densidad de una red social de hogares dentro del grupo de manzanas preseleccionado. La red social y las escogencias de vecindario son codificadas con funciones útiles logit. La influencia relativa de factores que afectan la formación de lazos sociales en la red social simulada, tales como proximidad geográfica, similitud de ingreso, raza y la presencia de niños, es ajustada utilizando la variación de parámetro para crear disposiciones alternativas del modelo. Se comparan los patrones simulados de migración que resultan de diferentes redes y coeficientes de escogencia de vecindario, con los patrones de migración observados durante un período de dos años. Con base en 1.000 experimentos de simulación, una regresión del error de migración del dueño de la vivienda (la diferencia entre la migración simulada y la observada) relativa a las condiciones del parámetro reveló componentes de la escogencia de la red social, tales como ingreso, raza y probabilidad de lazos locales, como significativos en corresponder con los patrones de migración observados. Un efecto no lineal de las redes sociales simuladas sobre la movilidad de hogares y el consiguiente error de migración se puso de manifiesto en este estudio.

Acknowledgments

As a reflection of original research conducted for my dissertation (Metcalf Citation2007), this study benefitted from the guidance of my advisor, Bruce Hannon, and committee members Mark Paich, Sara McLafferty, Mu Lan, and Jim Westervelt. Lyle Wallis assisted with technical aspects of model implementation. Peter

Rogerson, Teri Metcalf, Harvey Palmer, and anonymous reviewers provided valuable input into the presentation and interpretation of the results in this article. This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation award HSD-0433165 (model development and analysis activities) and National Institutes of Health (NIDCR/OBSSR) awards 1R21DE021187-01 and 1R01DE023072-01 (synthesis and documentation activities).

Notes

1. Code for the model developed in this study is provided at the following link: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~smetcalf/resources/ModelCode.htm

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