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Methods, Models, and GIS

Beyond the Periphery: Child and Adult Understanding of World Map Continuity

Pages 773-790 | Received 01 Feb 2014, Accepted 01 Sep 2014, Published online: 13 May 2015
 

Abstract

It is well established that map projections make it difficult for a map reader to correctly interpret angles, distances, and areas from a world map. A single map projection cannot ensure that all of the intuitive features of Euclidean geometry, such as angles, relative distances, and relative areas, are the same on the map and in reality. This article adds an additional difficulty by demonstrating a clear pattern of naïveté regarding the site at which a route that crosses the edge of a world map reappears. The argument is that this naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation is linear, meaning that the proposed continuation is along the straight line that continues tangentially to the original route when it crosses the edge. In general, this understanding leads to an incorrect interpretation concerning the continuation of world maps. It is only in special cases—such as radial routes on a planar projection and peripherally latitudinal routes on a cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection with a normal aspect—that the actual peripheral continuation of the world map is linear. The data used in this article are based on questionnaires administered to 670 children aged nine to fifteen and eighty-two adults. This naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation, which leads to errors, was found to be entirely dominant among the children, regardless of the projection, and was clearly observed among the adults when the projection was cylindrical with a normal aspect.

地图投影,已确认会让地图阅读者正确解读世界地图上的角度、距离与面积变得困难。单一的地图投影,无法保证欧几里德几何的所有直观特点,例如角度、相对距离、相对面积,在地图上与实际上是一致的。本文展现一个理解横跨世界地图边缘的路径再度出现的地点的明确天真模式,作为额外的困难。本文的主张如下:此般对边缘连续性的天真理解是线性的,意味着其所假定的连续性,是当路径横跨地图边缘时,会在切线上沿着直线持续延伸至原先的路径。此般理解,通常会导致不正确地诠释世界地图的连续性。只有在特别的案例中——例如平面投影上的放射路径,以及以正轴圆柱投影或伪圆柱投影中的边缘纬度线——世界地图上的实际边缘连续性才是直线的。本文使用的数据,是根据对六百七十位年龄自九岁至十五岁的儿童,以及八十二位成人所进行的问卷调查。当地图投影是正轴圆柱投影时,此般对边缘连续性——且造成错误——的天真理解,在儿童中完全佔支配位置,且在成人中亦被明确地观察到。

Es una hecho claramente establecido que las proyecciones cartográficas dificultan a los lectores de mapas interpretar correctamente ángulos, distancias y áreas en un mapa del mundo. No existe una sola proyección de la que se pueda asegurar que todos los rasgos intuitivos de la geometría euclidiana, tales como ángulos, distancias relativas y áreas relativas sean las mismas en el mapa y en la realidad. Este artículo agrega una dificultad adicional al demostrar un patrón claro de ingenuidad en relación con el sitio en el que reaparece una ruta que cruza el borde de un mapa del mundo. El argumento es que esta comprensión ingenua de la continuidad periférica es lineal, dando a entender que la continuación propuesta se hace a lo largo de una línea recta que continúa tangencialmente a la ruta original cuando se cruza el borde. En general, este modo de pensar lleva a una interpretación incorrecta en lo que concierne a los mapas del mundo. Solamente en casos especiales—tales como los de rutas radiales sobre una proyección planar y en rutas periféricamente latitudinales sobre proyecciones cilíndricas o pseudocilíndricas de aspecto normal—ocurre que la continuación periférica real del mapa del mundo sea lineal. Los datos usados en este artículo están basados en cuestionarios administrados a 670 niños con edades entre nueve y quince años, y a ochenta y dos adultos. Este ingenuo entendimiento de la continuidad periférica, que conduce a errores, es dominante totalmente entre los niños, con cualquier proyección usada, y se observó claramente entre los adultos cuando la proyección utilizada fue una cilíndrica de aspecto normal.

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the editor and the anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on my article. I also want to thank all of the respondents for their contribution to this study and extend many thanks to Christian Persman at Arvika municipality and to the head teachers and teachers in Arvika who helped me distribute the questionnaire to the school children. Finally, I greatly appreciate the support of Ulf Jansson, Bo Malmberg, Michael M. Nielsen, Brian Kuns, Annie Jansson, and other colleagues at Stockholm University.

Notes

1 A great circle is the intersection of the surface of a sphere and a plane that intersects the center of the sphere. The shortest path between two points on the surface of a sphere follows the great circle that passes through these two points.

2 A cylindrical projection with a normal aspect (or equatorial aspect) represents longitudes and latitudes as straight lines that form a grid with right angles. A world map based on such a projection is called a rectangular world map.

3 The central meridian is the longitude that defines the center of a projected coordinate system.

4 When constructing a cylindrical projection, the intersection of the surface of the spherical Earth and the undeveloped surface (in this case a cylinder) is defined by the secants or the tangent. For cylindrical projections with a normal aspect, the tangent is the equator, or the secants follow two latitudes. This tangent is not to be confused with the tangent of the original route.

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