Covitality moderates the relationship between victimisation and loneliness

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean, SD, and correlations for variables of interest

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Overall Vic T1	—
2. Verbal Vic T1	.93**	—
3. Physical Vic T1	.90**	.76**	—
4. Relational Vic T1	.92**	.80**	.74**	—
5. BelongingT1	−.28**	−.21**	−.22**	−.26**	—
6. Covitality T1	−.29**	−.25**	−.27**	−.28**	.65**	—
7. Loneliness T1	.42**	.38**	.34**	.44**	−.35**	−.34**	—
8. Loneliness T2	.26**	.21**	.25**	.26**	−.16**	−.17**	.26**	—
Mean	1.29	1.81	1.59	1.70	4.49	4.07	1.44	1.47
SD	0.64	1.03	0.81	0.94	0.85	0.69	0.60	0.60
Minimum	0.76	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.72	1.00	1.00	1.00
Maximum	4.59	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	4.85	3.00	3.00
Gender	−.07	−.02	−.14**	−.002	−.02	−.01	.04	.08*
Grade level	.03	−.07	−.01	.02	.05	.002	.002	−.03
Fathers' education	−.02	−.05	−.001	−.002	.06	.05	−.01	.05
Mothers' education	−.03	−.06	−.01	−.01	.05	.06	−.01	.07

Notes: Three decimal places look more rigorous and precise but are not needed given the level of measurement error. Vic = Victimisation; Belonging = School Belonging.

*p < .05; **p < .01.

Table 2. Victimisation, school belonging, and covitality at Time 1 predicting loneliness at time 2

	Loneliness T2 (Model 1)		Loneliness T2 (Model 2)		Loneliness T2 (Model 3)
	b (SE)	β	b (SE)	β	b (SE)	β
Victimisation T1	.01(.002)	.22***	.01(.002)	.18***	.01(.002)	.16***
School belonging T1	−.05(.03)	−.08*	−.03(.03)	−.04	.01(.03)	.02
Loneliness T1			.15(.04)	.14***	.14(.04)	.13**
Covitality T1					−.08(.04)	−.10+
Gender	.11(.04)	.09**	.10(.04)	.08*	.10(.04)	.08*
F(df)	19.39(3, 745)***		18.07(4, 743)***		14.19(5, 724)***
R^2	.07		.09		.09
ΔR^2			.02*		.01+

+p = .05; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 3. Three types of bullying at Time 1 predicting loneliness at Time 2

	Loneliness T2
	b (SE)	β
Verbal bullying victimisation	−.05(.04)	−.09
Physical bullying victimisation	.14(.04)	.18**
Relational bullying victimisation	.08(.04)	.13*
Loneliness T1	.15(.04)	.15***
Gender	.12(.04)	.10**
F(df)	16.97 (5, 752)***
R^2	.10

* p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 4. Loneliness at Time 1 predicting different types of victimisation at Time 2

	Overall victimisation T2		Physical victimisation T2		Verbal victimisation T2		Relational victimisation T2
	b (SE)	β	b (SE)	β	b (SE)	β	b (SE)	β
Loneliness T1	.03(.04)	.03	.18(.20)	.03	.57(.25)	.08*	.21(.24)	.03
[vic]subscale T1	.38(.04)	.37***	.34(.04)	.33***	.30(.04)	.31***	.36(.04)	.35***
Gender	−.01(.05)	−.005	−.24(.23)	−.04	−.10(.28)	−.01	.27(.26)	.04
F(df)	41.24(3, 730)***		34.59(3, 748)***		33.99(3, 753)***		39.76(3, 752)***
R^2	.15		.12		.12		.14
Loneliness T1	.03(.04)	.03	.18(.20)	.03	.57(.25)	.08*	.21(.24)	.03
[vic]subscale T1	.38(.04)	.37***	.34(.04)	.33***	.30(.04)	.31***	.36(.04)	.35***
Gender	−.01(.05)	−.005	−.24(.23)	−.04	−.10(.28)	−.01	.27(.26)	.04
F(df)	41.24(3, 730) ***		34.59(3, 748) ***		33.99(3, 753) ***		39.76(3, 752)***
R^2	.15		.12		.12		.14

* p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 5. Covitality moderating the relations between victimisation at Time 1 and loneliness at Time 1

	Overall victimisation		Physical victimisation		Verbal victimisation		Relational victimisation
	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)
	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β
Covitality	−.17***	−.20***	−.18***	−.17***	−.18***	−.17***	−.17***	−.17***
Belonging	−.14**	−.13**	−.16***	−.17***	−.16***	−.17***	−.14**	−.14**
[vic] subscale	.30***	.30***	.24***	.23***	.28***	.26***	.33***	.32***
[vic]*covitality		−.04		−.05		−.07*		−.03
Gender	.05	.05	.07*	.07*	.03	.04	.04	.04
F(df)	52.73(4, 725) ***	42.37(5, 724)***	43.45(4,733)***	35.16(5, 732)***	49.37(4, 738) ***	40.65(5, 737)***	58.43(4, 735) ***	46.82(5, 734)***
R^2	.23	.23	.19	.19	.21	.22	.24	.24
ΔR^2		.002		.002		.005*		.001

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Figure 1. Covitality at Time1 moderated the relation between verbal victimisation at Time1 and loneliness at Time1. Graph is needed… see https://media.wiley.com/assets/7323/92/electronic_artwork_guidelines.pdf

Table 6. Covitality did not moderate the relations between victimisation at Time1 and loneliness at T2

	Victimisation		Physical victimisation		Verbal victimisation		Relational victimisation
	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)	Model 1 (main effect)	Model 2 (interaction)
	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β
Covitality	−.10	−.09	−.07	−.07	−.09	−.10*	−.09	−.09
Belonging	.02	.02	.004	.002	.002	.01	.02	.01
[vic] subscale	.16***	.16***	.18***	.18***	.10**	.11**	.16***	.16***
[vic]*covitality		−.01		−.01		−.04		−.03
Loneliness T1	.13**	.13**	.15***	.15***	.18***	.18***	.14**	.14**
Gender	.08*	.08*	.10**	.10**	.07*	.04*	.07*	.07*
F(df)	14.19(5, 724) ***	11.82(6, 723) ***	15.79(5, 732) ***	13.16(6, 731) ***	13.50(5, 737) ***	11.49(6, 736) ***	14.67(5, 734) ***	12.33(6, 733) ***
R^2	.09	.09	.10	.10	.08	.09	.09	.09
ΔR^2		0		0		.002		.001

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.