School belongingness, well-being, and mental health among adolescents: exploring the role of loneliness

Figures & data

Figure 1. Standardised regression effects of the social exclusion on adolescent subjective well‐being and mental health problems through loneliness

Figure 2. Standardised regression effects of the social inclusion on adolescent subjective well‐being and mental health problems through loneliness

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients between variables

	Descriptive statistics				Correlation coefficients (r)
Scale	Mean	SD	g1	g2	1	2	3	4	5
1. SE	9.17	4.02	.79	−.19	−
2. SI	15.34	3.57	−.59	−.33	−.43^*	−
3. LS	22.32	7.25	−.39	−.26	−.25^*	.39^*	−
4. UL	15.17	4.71	.53	−.37	.45^*	−.48^*	−.35^*	−
5. MHP	41.59	10.92	.43	−.07	.35^*	−.41^*	−.41^*	.41^*	−

Abbreviations: g₁, skewness; g₂, kurtosis; LS, subjective well‐being; MHP, mental health problems; SE, social exclusion; SI, social inclusion; UL, loneliness.

*p < .001.

Table 2. Model unstandardised coefficients for the mediation models

		Consequent
		M1 (loneliness)					M2 (subjective well‐being)					Y (mental health problems)
Antecedent		Coeff.	SE	t	p		Coeff.	SE	t	p		Coeff.	SE	t	p
X (social exclusion)	a1	.53	.08	6.77	<.01	a2	−.23	.14	−1.61	.11	c′	.70	.19	3.66	<.01
M1 (loneliness)		−	−	−		d21	−.47	.12	−3.87	<.01	b1	.50	.17	3.13	<.01
M2 (subjective well‐being)		−	−	−		−	−	−	−	−	b2	−.39	.10	−3.99	<.01
Constant	iM1	10.33	.77	13.41	<.01	iM2	31.46	1.78	17.66	<.01	iy	36.60	3.88	9.44	<.01
		R^2 = .20 F(1, 242) = 45.84; p < .01					R^2 = .13 F(2, 241) = 14.38; p < .01					R^2 = .31 F(3, 240) = 27.14; p < .01
X (social inclusion)	a1	−.60	.08	−7.17	<.01	a2	.62	.15	4.05	<.01	c′	−.69	.22	−3.07	<.01
M1 (loneliness)		−	−	−		d21	−.33	.12	−2.81	<.01	b1	.57	.17	3.39	<.01
M2 (subjective well‐being)		−	−	−		−	−	−	−	−	b2	−.34	.10	−3.35	<.01
Constant	iM1	24.31	.1.31	18.45	<.01	iM2	17.83	3.57	5.00	<.01	iy	51.73	5.30	9.77	<.01
		R^2 = .22 F(1, 242) = 51.34; p < .01					R^2 = .19 F(2, 241) = 22.25; p < .01					R^2 = .29 F(3, 240) = 25.39; p < .01

Abbreviations: Coeff., unstandardised coefficient; M, mediator variables; SE, standard error.; X, independent variable; Y, outcomes or dependent variables.

Table 3. Indirect effects of social exclusion and inclusion on mental health problems

	Indirect effect		95% CI
Indirect effect keys	Effect	SE	Lower	Upper
Total effect	.46	.13	.22	.74
Social exclusion → loneliness → mental health	.28	.10	.09	.48
Social exclusion → well‐being → mental health	.09	.07	−.03	.26
Social exclusion → loneliness → well‐being → mental health	.10	.04	.03	.18
Social exclusion → loneliness → well‐being	−.25	.07	−.40	−.12
Total effect	−.63	.15	−.94	−.34
Social inclusion → loneliness → mental health	−.34	.11	−.57	−.13
Social inclusion → well‐being → mental health	−.21	.10	−.43	−.05
Social inclusion → loneliness → well‐being → mental health	−.07	.04	−16	−.01
Social inclusion → loneliness → well‐being	.20	.08	.07	.37

Note: Number of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap CI: 10,000.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Effect, unstandardised coefficient; SE, standard error.