Winter diet and lead poisoning risk of Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga in southeast Spain

Figures & data

Figure 1. Frequency of occurrence (FO) and biomass consumed (B) of mammals, birds and others (including fish and crustaceans) in the winter diet of Greater Spotted Eagle from El Hondo Natural Park, Alicante, Spain. Results are shown separately for each method of analysis used: pellets, prey remains and direct field observations.

Table 1. Diet of the Greater Spotted Eagle in El Hondo Natural Park (Alicante, Spain) between 2008 and 2018 assessed by pellets analysis (Pellets), prey remains (Prey remains) and direct field observations (Direct obs.). FO = frequency of occurrence, B = biomass consumed.

Class/Order/Family/Species	Weight (g)	Pellets			Prey remains			Direct obs.			Total
		n	FO (%)	B (%)	n	FO (%)	B (%)	n	FO (%)	B (%)	n	FO (%)	B (%)
Mammalia		14	35 . 90	37 . 72	1	3 . 45	0 . 21	1	10	2.45	16	20 . 51	14 . 81
Rodentia
Muridae
Rattus rattus	185	6	15.38	7.85	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	7.69	3.01
Rattus sp.	185	5	12.82	6.54	0	0	0	1	10	2.45	6	7.69	2.76
Micromammal unidentified	40	0	0	0	1	3.45	0.21	0	0	0	1	1.28	0.11
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Oryctolagus cuniculus	1100	3	7.69	23.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.85	8.94
Aves		23	58 . 97	47 . 93	26	89 . 66	78 . 74	8	80	71.1	57	73 . 08	66 . 16
Anseriformes
Anatidae
Mareca streptera	900	0	0	0	1	3.45	4.74	0	0	0	1	1.28	2.44
Anas crecca	340	4	10.26	9.61	3	10.34	5.37	0	0	0	7	8.97	6.44
Spatula clypeata	610	0	0	0	1	3.45	3.21	0	0	0	1	1.28	1.65
Aythya ferina	820	0	0	0	1	3.45	4.31	0	0	0	1	1.28	2.22
Anas platyrhynchos	840	0	0	0	1	3.45	4.42	0	0	0	1	1.28	2.27
Anas sp.	700	0	0	0	2	6.90	7.37	0	0	0	2	2.56	3.79
Phoenicopteriformes
Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus ruber	3030	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	40.08	1	1.28	4.10
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus ruficollis	160	2	5.13	2.26	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.56	0.87
Gruiformes
Rallidae
Gallinula chloropus	340	8	20.51	19.23	7	24.14	12.52	3	30	13.49	18	23.08	15.19
Porphyrio porphyrio	770	0	0	0	2	6.90	8.10	0	0	0	2	2.56	4.17
Fulica atra	420	2	5.13	5.94	1	3.45	2.21	0	0	0	3	3.85	3.41
Charadriiformes
Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostra avosetta	300	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	3.97	1	1.28	0.41
Charadriidae
Vanellus vanellus	215	1	2.56	1.52	1	3.45	1.13	1	10	2.84	3	3.85	1.46
Shorebird sp.	50	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	0.66	1	1.28	0.07
Laridae
Chroicocephalus ridibundus	300	4	10.26	8.48	1	3.45	1.58	0	0	0	5	6.41	4.06
Pelecaniformes
Ardeidae
Ardea cinerea	1440	0	0	0	3	10.34	22.73	0	0	0	3	3.85	11.70
Ixobrychus minutus	100	1	2.56	0.71	2	6.90	1.05	0	0	0	3	3.85	0.81
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Buteo buteo	760	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	10	10.05	1	1.28	1.03
Paseriforme
Passerine unidentified	25	1	2.56	0.18	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.28	0.07
Actinopterygii		1	2 . 56	14 . 14	2	6 . 90	21 . 05	1	10	26.46	4	5 . 13	18 . 95
Cypriniformes
Cyprinidae
Cyprinus carpio	2000	1	2.56	14.14	2	6.90	21.05	1	10	26.46	4	5.13	18.95
Malacostraca		1	2 . 56	0 . 21	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1 . 28	0 . 08
Decapoda
Cambaridae
Procambarus clarkii	30	1	2.56	0.21	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.28	0.08
Total		39	100	100	29	100	0	10	100	0	78	100	100

Figure 2. Percentage of occurrence of birds and mammals in total pellets analysed (n = 26) and in pellets containing ammunition (n = 11) in Greater Spotted Eagle from El Hondo Natural Park, Alicante, Spain (**P < 0.001).