Soya bean meal increases litter moisture and foot pad dermatitis in maize and wheat based diets for turkeys but maize and non-soya diets lower body weight

Figures & data

Table 1. Dietary ingredients and calculated composition.

	Diet and age (weeks) when fed
	0–4				4–8				8–12
Ingredient (g/kg)	WS	WN	MS	MN	WS	WN	MS	MN	WS	WN	MS	MN
Wheat	388.9	226.4	–	–	471.2	363.7	–	–	578.7	467.0	–	–
Maize	–	–	388.6	224.7	–	–	463.4	360.4	–	–	584.2	469.6
Hipro soya meal	497.5	–	498.8	–	395.3	–	417.0	–	308.7	–	311.3	–
Sunflower 36%	–	170.0	–	170.0	–	120.0	–	120.0	–	100.0	–	100.0
Rape ext. double zero	–	80.0	–	80.0	–	60.0	–	60.0	–	50.0	–	50.0
Maize gluten 60	15.4	–	28.4	–	48.3	–	50.0	26.0	33.2	5.6	50.0	21.6
Peas	–	200.0	–	200.0	–	150.0	–	150.0	–	120.0	–	120.0
Potato protein	–	104.2	–	107.6	–	124.4	–	114.1	–	100.0	–	100.0
Fishmeal 66	–	84.8	–	89.2	–	60.0	–	60.0	–	30.0	–	30.0
Wheatfeed	–	50.0	–	50.0	–	50.0	–	50.0	–	50.0	–	50.0
Soya oil	40.1	49.4	26.1	44.7	32.2	36.4	17.3	23.7	30.8	39.0	5.8	20.1
Monocalcium phosphate	27.4	21.4	27.9	21.5	22.7	18.8	23.3	19.2	19.9	17.5	20.7	18.2
Limestone	12.3	1.2	12.3	0.5	12.8	4.8	12.7	4.8	12.3	8.2	12.3	8.2
Sodium chloride	2.1	–	2.1	–	2.0	0.8	2.2	0.9	2.1	1.6	2.1	1.7
Premix^a	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
DL methionine	3.8	2.1	3.6	1.9	3.1	1.8	2.9	1.5	2.5	1.6	2.3	1.4
Lysine mono HCl	2.9	0.8	2.9	0.4	2.8	–	2.3	–	2.5	0.3	2.4	0.2
L threonine	1.1	–	0.9	–	0.5	–	0.2	–	0.3	–	–	–
L arginin	–	0.9	–	0.8	–	0.5	–	0.7	–	0.5	-	0.5
Sodium bicarbonate	2.2	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.6	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.5	2.1
Phytase^b	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Xylanase^c	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Elancoban G200^d	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Calculated composition^e
Energy ME, MJ	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.2
Protein	296.0	296.0	296.0	296.0	275.0	275.0	275.0	275.0	235.0	235.0	234.4	235.0
Ca	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.5	12.5	12.5	12.5	12.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5
Available P	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1
DEB, mEq	335.2	228.2	327.4	224.1	290.6	204.7	291.5	194.2	251.1	186.3	240.2	174.4

WS: wheat soya; WN: wheat non-soya; MS: maize soya; MN: maize non-soya; DEB: dietary electrolyte balance (Na⁺+K⁺-Cl^-).

^aSupplying retinyl acetate 4.09 mg/kg, cholecalciferol 125 mμg/kg, α-tocopherol 100 mg/kg, menadione 4 mg/kg, thiamine 5 mg/kg, pyridoxine 7 mg/kg, cobalamin 0.04 mg/kg, niacin 150 mg/kg, pantothenic acid 25 mg/kg, folic acid 4 mg/kg, ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg, choline chloride 1200 mg/kg; I 2 mg/kg, Se 0.2 mg/kg, Cu 20 mg/kg, Fe 50 mg/kg, Mn 120 mg/kg, Zn 100 mg/kg, Co 0.5 mg/kg, Mo 0.5 mg/kg.

^bPhytase enzyme.

^cXylanase enzyme, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.

^dMonensin sodium coccidiostat, Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK.

^eFull details are in the Supplementary Table.

Table 2. Summary of the analysis of variance (probability of statistical significance of effects) of the combined 4, 8 and 12 week pen means for body weight, feed intake, water intake and litter moisture of male BUT Premium turkey poults fed on iso-nutritional diets composed of maize or wheat as the cereal source and soya or non-soya sources of protein.

Effect	Litter moisture, %	Body weight, ln(kg)	Feed intake, ln(g/d)
Cereal	0.688	0.014	0.670
Protein	<0.001	0.253	0.048
Cereal × protein source	0.642	0.094	0.036
Litter treatment	0.107	0.460	0.604
Age	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Age × cereal	0.920	0.348	0.059
Age × protein source	0.392	<0.001	<0.001
Age × cereal × protein source	0.815	0.565	0.507

Figures in bold are statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Table 3. Litter moisture, body weight and feed intake at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age analysed separately of male BUT Premium turkey poults fed on iso-nutritional diets composed of maize or wheat as the cereal source and soya or non-soya sources of protein.

		Age (weeks)
Cereal	Protein	4	8	12
Litter moisture, %
Wheat	Soya	18	41	51
	Non-soya	14	29	43
Maize	Soya	19	39	49
	Non-soya	14	31	43
SED		2.5	4.3	4.5
Significance
Cereal		NS	NS	NS
Protein		*	**	*
Cereal × protein		NS	NS	NS
Body weight, kg
Wheat	Soya	1.45	5.83	11.45
	Non-soya	1.49	5.94	11.04
Maize	Soya	1.46	5.77	11.20
	Non-soya	1.44	5.76	10.60
SED		0.024	0.077	0.104
Cereal		NS	*	***
Protein		NS	NS	***
Cereal × protein		NS	NS	NS
Feed intake, g/d
Wheat	Soya	109	371	586
	Non-soya	116	381	538
Maize	Soya	114	360	615
	Non-soya	115	361	527
SED		2.4	9.8	11.1
Significance
Cereal		NS	*	NS
Protein		*	NS	***
Cereal × protein		NS	NS	*

NS: not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.0.