Xylanase and xylo- oligosaccharide prebiotic improve the growth performance and concentration of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides in the ileum of broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. The calculated and analysed nutrient content of wheat-based diets supplemented with enzymes or prebiotic oligosaccharide.

Ingredient (g/kg)	Control
Wheat	556.5
Wheat Bran	192.5
Soybean meal	152.5
Soya oil	25.0
Limestone	12.5
Dicalcium Phos, 18%P	14.0
Sodium Bicarbonate	6.0
Lysine HCl	5.0
Methionine	2.0
Threonine	2.0
Valine	2.0
Vitamin & Mineral premix	5.0
TiO2 Marker	25.0
Total	1000.0
Calculated content
ME (MJ/kg)	11.41
Crude Protein (g/kg)	200.0
Calcium (g/kg)	10.0
Phosphorus (g/kg)	7.5
nPP (g/kg)	4.9
Na (g/kg)	2.1
Cl (g/kg)	3.5
Analysed nutrient content
DM (g/kg)	877.1
AME (MJ/kg)	16.19
Na (g/kg)	1.9
Cl (g/kg)	3.1
Calcium (g/kg)	9.6
Phosphorus (g/kg)	6.3
N (g/kg)	31.3

Notes; TiO₂- titanium dioxide; Na- sodium; Cl- chloride; DM- dry matter; AME- apparent metabolizable energy; N- nitrogen

Table 2. The growth performance of broilers fed diets deficient in energy and protein and supplemented with xylanase or XOS.

		Day 14			Day 28
Additive	Inclusion level	BWG (g/bird)	FI (g/bird)	FCR	BWG (g/bird)	FI (g/Bird)	FCR
No Additive		388.1	596.2	1.54	1313.3	2953.9	2.26
Xylanase	Low	381.1	594.1	1.56	1294.5	2707.1	2.10
	High	394.3	579.2	1.47	1320.0	2546.5	1.93
XOS	Low	356.7	561.5	1.59	1261.6	2536.5	2.03
	High	375.1	561.7	1.51	1306.4	2604.7	2.00
	SEM	10.449	12.08	0.038	29.202	86.161	0.078
P-value of control vs additive^1		0.390	0.111	0.752	0.592	<0.001	0.009
Means for main effect of additive type (AT)
Xylanase		387.7^b	586.7^b	1.52^a	1307.3	2626.8	2.02
XOS		365.9^a	561.6^a	1.55^b	1284.0	2570.6	2.02
	SEM	10.449	12.08	0.038	29.202	86.161	0.078
Means for main effect of inclusion level (IL)
	Low	368.9	577.8	1.57	1278.0	2621.8	2.07
	High	384.7	570.4	1.49	1313.2	2570.6	1.97
	SEM	10.449	12.08	0.038	29.202	86.161	0.078
P values
Additive Type (AT)		0.044	0.045	0.449	0.430	0.518	0.978
Inclusion Level (IL)		0.139	0.543	0.034	0.236	0.595	0.197
AT × IL		0.806	0.535	0.944	0.744	0.193	0.385

XOS- xylo-oligosaccharide; BWG- body weight gain; FI- feed intake; FCR; feed conversion ratio; ¹P- values for control vs. additive types – the mean for the control group was compared to all other treatments containing an additive irrespective of type or level; ^ab different superscripts with the same column indicate means that are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

Table 3. Coefficients of energy and nitrogen digestibility of broilers aged 29 days and fed diets supplemented with xylanase or XOS.

Additive	Inclusion level	DM	IDE (MJ/kg)	N	Energy intake (units/bird)	N intake (units/bird)
No additive		0.713	13.77	0.858	38.44	85.37
Xylanase	Low	0.652	13.28	0.837	33.23	81.18^b
	High	0.606	11.99	0.817	29.62	69.15^a
XOS	Low	0.630	12.22	0.812	29.54	70.23^ab
	High	0.624	12.23	0.821	30.26	79.64^ab
	SEM	0.0189	0.372	0.00913	1.499	1.987
P-value of control vs additive^1		<0.001	0.003	0.001	<0.001	0.002
Means for main effect of additive type (AT)
Xylanase		0.629	12.63	0.827	31.39	75.71
XOS		0.627	12.23	0.816	29.94	74.39
	SEM	0.0189	0.263	0.00646	1.06	1.987
Means for main effect of inclusion level (IL)
	Low	0.641	12.75	0.824	31.43	75.16
	High	0.615	12.11	0.819	29.90	74.94
	SEM	0.0189	0.263	0.00646	1.06	1.405
P values
Additive Type (AT)		0.170	0.095	0.550	0.317	0.937
Inclusion Level (IL)		0.909	0.284	0.245	0.343	0.643
AT × IL		0.302	0.090	0.115	0.158	<0.001

XOS- xylo-oligosaccharide; DM- dry matter; IDE- ileal digestible energy; N- nitrogen; ¹P- values for control vs. additive types – the mean for the control group was compared to all other treatments containing an additive irrespective of type or level; ^abc different superscripts with the same column indicate means that are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

Table 4. The effect of feeding wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase or XOS on SCFA concentrations (mg/kg) in the caeca on days 14 and 28.

		Day 14					Day 28
Additive	Inclusion level	Acetic acid	Propionic acid	n-Butyric acid	n-Valeric acid	Total SCFA	Acetic acid	Propionic acid	n-Butyric acid	n-Valeric acid	Total SCFA
No additive		4749	75.70	1260.7	45.3	6242	4790	193	1046	69.1	6170
Xylanase	Low	4260	56.60	1117.8	23.1	5532	5284	198	1347	78.2	6984
	High	4036	61.0	1250.0	28.7	6438	5541	172	1563	80.8	7435
XOS	Low	4949	112.0	1348.6	40.6	6528	5374	166	1345	80.1	7056
	High	5244	136.4	1505.9	55.0	7018	5177	222	1194	82.9	6756
Pooled SEM		108.8	35.54	143.13	9.87	437.2	234.9	28.9	114.8	6.92	310.6
P-value of control vs. additive^1		0.737	0.066	0.874	0.596	0.818	0.042	0.922	0.019	0.149	0.015
Means for main effect of additive types (AT)
Xylanase		4148^a	56.80^a	1183.9	32.4^a	5485^a	5412	185	1455	79.5	7210
XOS		5096^b	124.2^b	1427.3	47.8^b	6773^b	5275	194	1269	81.5	6906
Pooled SEM		236.5	47.66	172.07	10.89	309.1	116.1	20.5	81.1	4.89	219.6
Means for main effect of inclusion level (IL)
	Low	4605	82.30	1233.2	38.4	6030	5412	185	1455	79.5	7210
	High	4640	98.70	1378.0	41.9	6228	5275	194	1269	81.5	6906
Pooled SEM		236.5	11.60	102.35	2.47	309.1	116.1	20.5	81.1	4.89	219.6
P- values for main effects and interactions
Additive type (AT)		0.007	<0.001	0.128	0.026	0.006	0.563	0.760	0.114	0.774	0.335
Inclusion level (IL)		0.917	0.265	0.335	0.759	0.654	0.899	0.612	0.778	0.699	0.808
AT × IL		0.442	0.546	0.789	0.234	0.509	0.341	0.168	0.118	0.989	0.234

XOS- xylo-oligosaccharide; ¹P- values for control vs. additive types – the mean for the control group was compared to all other treatments containing an additive irrespective of type or level; ^ab different superscripts with the same column indicate means that are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

Table 5. The effect of feeding wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase or XOS on the concentration (g/100g) of WU NSP fractions in the ileum of broilers.

Additive		Inclusion level	Rhamnose	Fructose	Arabinose	Xylose	Galactose	Total (g/100 g)
No additive			0.0156	0.0184	1.647^a	2.54	0.583^a	8.74
Xylanase		Low	0.0129	0.0170	1.721^a	2.65	0.572^a	9.01
		High	0.0222	0.0374	2.431^b	3.55	0.851^b	12.13
XOS		Low	0.0261	0.0256	2.002^ab	3.08	0.686^ab	10.30
		High	0.0434	0.0450	1.950^ab	2.90	0.688^ab	10.35
		Pooled SEM	0.004	0.005	0.155	0.292	0.047	0.840
P-value of control vs additive types^1			0.022	0.044	0.042	0.142	0.039	0.086
Means for main effect of additive type (AT)
Xylanase			0.0176^a	0.0272	2.076	3.10	0.711	10.57
XOS			0.0347^b	0.0353	1.976	2.99	0.687	10.32
		Pooled SEM	0.003	0.004	0.110	0.206	0.033	0.594
Means for main effect of inclusion level
		Low	0.0195^a	0.0213^a	1.861^a	2.87	0.629^a	9.65
		High	0.0328^b	0.0412^b	2.190^b	3.22	0.770^b	11.24
		Pooled SEM	0.003	0.004	0.110	0.206	0.033	0.594
P- values for main effects and interactions (IL)
	Additive Type (AT)		<0.001	0.144	0.525	0.717	0.608	0.776
	Inclusion Level (IL)		0.002	0.001	0.047	0.235	0.007	0.074
	AT × IL		0.302	0.937	0.024	0.083	0.008	0.084
	P- Values for Contrasts
Control vs. Xylanase, low level					0.739		0.864
Control vs. Xylanase, high level					0.002		<0.001
Control vs. XOS, low level					0.122		0.139
Control vs. XOS high level					0.184		0.130

XOS- xylo-oligosaccharide; GlucA2- glucuronic acid; ¹P-value for control vs. additive types- the mean for the control group was compared to all other treatments containing an additive irrespective of type or level; ^ab different superscripts within the same column indicate means that are significantly different.

Table 6. The effect of feeding wheat based diets supplemented with xylanase or XOS on the concentration (g/100g) of WE NSP fractions in the ileum of broilers.

Additive	Inclusion level	Rhamnose	Fructose	Arabinose	Xylose	Galactose	Total (g/100 g)
No additive		0.0390	0.0462	0.605	0.948	0.398	2.74
Xylanase	Low	0.0422	0.0479^a	0.624	0.898	0.463	3.04
	High	0.0619	0.0692^b	0.855	1.143	0.607	3.84
XOS	Low	0.0484	0.0682^b	0.773	1.284	0.507	3.74
	High	0.0520	0.0570^a	0.810	1.216	0.556	3.63
	Pooled SEM	0.010	0.007	0.08	0.115	0.052	0.351
P-value of control vs additive types ^1		0.278	0.083	0.081	0.162	0.030	0.051
Means for main effect of additive types (AT)
Xylanase		0.0520	0.0586	0.739	1.02	0.535	3.44
XOS		0.0502	0.0626	0.791	1.25	0.532	3.68
	Pooled SEM	0.007	0.005	0.055	0.081	0.037	0.248
Means for main effect of inclusion level (IL)
	Low	0.0453	0.0580	0.699	1.091	0.485	3.39
	High	0.0569	0.0631	0.832	1.179	0.581	3.73
	Pooled SEM	0.007	0.005	0.055	0.081	0.037	0.248
P- values for main effects and interactions
Additive type (AT)		0.850	0.573	0.511	0.061	0.949	0.495
Inclusion level (IL)		0.245	0.479	0.103	0.453	0.078	0.337
AT ×IL		0.471	0.032	0.227	0.190	0.369	0.261
P- values for contrasts
Control vs. Xylanase, low level			0.866
Control vs. Xylanase, high level			0.032
Control vs. XOS, low level			0.039
Control vs. XOS high level			0.291

XOS- xylo-oligosaccharide; GlucA2- glucuronic acid; ¹P-value for control vs. additive types- the mean for the control group was compared to all other treatments containing an additive irrespective of type or level; ^ab different superscripts within the same column indicate means that are significantly (P < 0.05) different.