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Indonesia in Comparative Perspective

INDONESIA'S RESOURCES BOOM IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: POLICY DILEMMAS AND OPTIONS FOR CONTINUED STRONG GROWTH

Pages 189-212 | Published online: 24 Aug 2015
 

Abstract

In the decade to 2011, developments in the Chinese economy gave the world its biggest ever resources boom and set the scene for a resources deflation. The boom generated high incomes and investment in global resources, especially coal. It boosted Indonesian growth and diverted the policy focus from the productivity-raising reforms that are necessary for broad-based growth. Arbitrary interventions reduced the gains from the boom, especially in commodities other than coal, but also diminished the size of the boom and therefore the economic adjustment challenge that faces Indonesia now. Indonesia handled the Dutch disease and related challenges better than some countries and worse than others. Australia and Indonesia are now the world's largest coal exporters, so this comparison receives attention here. The end of the boom can create opportunities for a return to broad-based development, so long as policy settings are favourable to productivity growth and improved economy-wide competitiveness. The fuel-subsidy reforms are a good start.

Pada dekade hingga 2011, perubahan perekonomian Cina telah memberikan kepada dunia ledakan komoditas terbesar, sekaligus membuka jalan bagi penurunan harga berbagai sumber daya alam itu. Ledakan komoditas ini menghasilkan pendapatan tinggi dan investasi pada sumber daya global, khususnya batubara. Ledakan ini juga menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dan menyebabkan berkurangnya perhatian kepada reformasi untuk menaikkan produktivitas, yang sesungguhnya diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan yang berbasis luas. Intervensi memang bisa mengurangi keuntungan dari ledakan tersebut, khususnya pada komoditas selain batubara. Namun, intervensi juga bisa mengurangi besarnya ledakan dan karenanya, tantangan penyesuaian ekonomi yang dihadapi Indonesia tidak sebesar saat ini. Indonesia berhasil melewati ‘penyakit Belanda’ (Dutch disease), dan tantangan-tantangan lain yang terkait secara lebih baik dari sebagian negara, namun lebih buruk dari sebagian negara lain. Australia dan Indonesia kini merupakan eksportir batubara terbesar di dunia, maka tulisan ini berfokus kepada perbandingan antara kedua negara tersebut. Akhir dari ledakan komoditas dapat menciptakan peluang untuk kembali kepada pembangunan berbasis luas, asalkan kebijakan yang diambil dapat menunjang pertumbuhan produktivitas dan perbaikan daya saing perekonomian secara luas. Reformasi dalam subsidi BBM merupakan suatu awal yang baik.

JEL classification::

Notes

1. On the collapse in oil and gas exploration expenditure after 1998, see the World Bank's (Citation2015, figure 45) report.

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