An early form of European champions? Banking clubs between European integration and global banking (1960s–1990s)

Figures & data

Table 1. European Banking Clubs in 1988.

Name of club	Member banks	Type of bank
EAC/EBIC (EAC formally established 1963, EBIC 1969)	Amsterdamsche-Rotterdamsche Bank (Amro, Netherlands) Banca Commerciale Italiana (Italy) Creditanstalt-Bankverein (Austria) Deutsche Bank (Germany) Midland Bank (United Kingdom) Société Générale (France) Société Générale de Banque (Belgium)	Large commercial banks
Europartners (established 1970)	Crédit Lyonnais (France) Commerzbank (Germany) Banco di Roma (Italy) Banco Hispano Americano (Spain)	Large commercial banks
ABECOR (1971, restructured 1974)	Algemene Bank Nederland (Netherlands) Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (Italy) Banque Bruxelles Lambert (Belgium) Banque Nationale de Paris (France) Barclays Bank (United Kingdom) Bayerische Hypotheken – und Wechsel Bank (HYPO-BANK) (Germany) Dresdner Bank (Germany) Osterreichische Landerbank (Austria) Banque Internationale à Luxembourg (Luxembourg) Société Financière Européenne (Associated member, France)	Large commercial banks
Inter-Alpha (1971)	Nederlandsche Middenstandsbank (Netherlands) Berliner Handelsbank (Germany) Crédit Commercial de France (France) Kredietbank (Belgium) Williams and Glyn’s Bank (part of Royal Bank of Scotland group) (United Kingdom) Instituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino (Banco Ambrosiano until 1982) (Italy) Banco de Bilbao (Spain) Privatbanken (Denmark) Banco Espirito Santo e Commercial de Lisboa (Portugal)	Middle size commercial banks
UNICO (1977)	Rabo Bank (Netherlands) DG Bank (Germany) Crédit Agricole (France) CERA Spaarbank (Belgium) Zentralbank (Austria) Andelsbanken Danebank (Danemark) OKObank (Finland)	Cooperative banks

Source: SGA, 81484, ‘Extension of Membership’, 23 June 1988, p. 11; Roberts and Arnander 2001.

Roberts, R., & Arnander, C. (2001). Take your partners: Orion, the consortium banks and the transformation of the euromarkets. Palgrave.

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