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Research Article

Technological innovation, industry platforms or financialization? A comparative institutional perspective on Nokia, Apple, and Samsung

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Received 28 Jul 2021, Accepted 03 Jul 2024, Published online: 18 Jul 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1. The first Nokia smartphone, Nokia 9000 Communicator. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_Communicator_9000_Opened_01.jpg. CC-BY

Figure 1. The first Nokia smartphone, Nokia 9000 Communicator. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_Communicator_9000_Opened_01.jpg. CC-BY

Figure 2. The first Samsung smartphone, Samsung SPH-i300. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SPH-I300.jpg. CC-BY

Figure 2. The first Samsung smartphone, Samsung SPH-i300. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SPH-I300.jpg. CC-BY

Figure 3. The first Nokia with a touchscreen, Nokia 7710. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_7710.png. CC-BY

Figure 3. The first Nokia with a touchscreen, Nokia 7710. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_7710.png. CC-BY

Figure 4. The first Apple smartphone, the iPhone. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone_First_Generation.jpg. CC-BY.

Figure 4. The first Apple smartphone, the iPhone. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone_First_Generation.jpg. CC-BY.

Figure 5. Market share of mobile phone unit global sales, 1997–2014. Source: Statista.com.

Figure 5. Market share of mobile phone unit global sales, 1997–2014. Source: Statista.com.

Table 1. Comparative overview of cases.