Temperature and climate-induced fluctuations in froth flotation: an overview of different ore types

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of reagents mentioned in literature.

Acronym/trade name	Description	Example of application in flotation	References
Aeroflot	Dithiophosphate (e.g. sodium isopropyl-, or dibutyl-)	Sulphides (e.g. Cu–Ni)	[16,22]
Aerophine (3418A)	Sodium-diisobutyl dithiophosphinate	Sulphides (e.g. Cu)	[23]
L102	Salicylhydroxamic acid-based collector	Bastnaesite	[24]
L108	Auxiliary collector, used with L102; a chemical with a similar code (L108/85-5) is reported as non-ionic (ethoxylate)	RE minerals	[25,26]
TX15	Octaphenyl polyoxyethyienes with 15 oxyethyl groups	Scheelite	[27]
TNC 312	Dialkyl thionocarbamate	Sulphides (e.g. Cu)	[28]
DIBD	Diisobutyl dithiophosphate		[29]
MOA-9	Lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether	Scheelite	[30]
TEB	Triethoxy butane frother	Sulphides	[29,31]
NaBX	Sodium butyl xanthate collector	Sulphides	[32]
MIBC	Methyl isobutyl carbinol	Sulphides	[33]
KEX	Potassium ethyl xanthate	Sulphides	[34]
n-BAF	Di-normal butyl dithiophosphate	Sulphides	[35]
RA-915	Fatty acid collector	Quartz	[36]
PNIPAM	N-isopropyl acrylamide (flocculant/collector)	Haematite	[37]
BHA	Benzohydroxamic acid	Feldspars	[38]
Yb105	Mixed collector, oleic acid + 5% BHA	Feldspars	[38]
DDA	Dodecylamine	Magnesite	[39]
CMC	Carboxymethyl cellulose	Magnesite, potassium salt	[40–42]
GY-2	Anionic surfactant (collector), containing unsaponifiable and organic matter	Fluorite	[43]
Asparal F	Tetrasodium salt of N-octadecyl-N-sulphosuccinoylsapartic acid	Fluorite	[44,45]
PSK-13	Sodium petroleum sulphonate collector	Fluorite	[46]
DP-I and DP-II	A mixture of oleic, linoleic and rosin acids	Fluorite	[47]
B700 and B724	Fluorite flotation booster (used with oleic acid), composition not revealed	Fluorite	[48]
EV-1	Collector, mixture of oleic acid, oleamide, palmitamide, linoleamide linolenic acid amide, myristolenamide, azelamide and some other components	Fluorite, apatite	[49,50]
SDS	Sodium dodecyl sulphate	Phosphate ores	[51]
Atrac	Collector, mixture of sodium sarcosinate and acetic acid	Apatite	[52,53]
PA-808A and PA-900B	Phosphate flotation collectors, composition not revealed	Phosphate ores	[54]
DDM	Dodecyl morpholine	Potash salt	[42]
Flotinor V3759, Flotinor V3579	Hydroxamic acid-based collectors	RE minerals	[55,56]
JFC-5	Non-ionic polyoxyethylene ether	Scheelite	[57]
NaOl	Sodium oleate	Non-sulphide flotation	[58]

Figure 1. Examples of seasonal drop: (a) in gold recovery on Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting, 2000–2003; (b) in Cu + Ni grade on Clarabelle mill, adapted from Refs. [28,63].

Figure 2. (a) DO solubility in distilled water at different temperatures, adapted from Ref. [90]; (b) effect of temperature on water viscosity and bubble size, adapted from Ref. [91].

Figure 3. Zinc concentrate grade fluctuations at Matagami concentrator, adapted from Ref. [64].

Figure 4. Monthly pyrite production on a flotation plant in South Africa in relation to the temperature, adapted from [66].

Figure 5. (a) Concentrate quality depends on froth rheological properties; (b) changes in water and pyrite pulp viscosities, and water surface tension as a function of temperature. Adapted from Refs. [66,92].

Figure 6. Flotation recovery of selected sulphide minerals in relation to liquid-vapour surface tension, adapted from Ref. [111].

Figure 7. Laboratory results of zinc rougher flotation, adapted from Ref. [128].

Figure 8. Zinc recovery at the Neves-Corvo zinc plant in relation to the daily temperature, adapted from Ref. [132].

Figure 9. Interaction scheme of xanthates with sulphide surface in aerated pulp, adapted from Ref. [140], where E_v is the location of the energy level of the valence band ‘ceiling’, and E_c is the location of the energy level of the conductivity band ‘bottom’.

Figure 10. (a) Butyl xanthate adsorption on pyritic surface, adapted from Ref. [32]; (b) change of butyl xanthate concentration in the pulp (Ct/C₀) with time during adsorption onto chalcopyrite, adapted from Ref. [145].

Figure 11. Areas of pH and concentration stabilities of copper species at different temperatures, adapted from Ref. [86].

Figure 12. Critical cyanide concentrations in captive bubble tests for combinations of activator and collector at different pH and under varying temperature conditions: (a) chalcopyrite (25 mg L⁻¹ KEX), (b) sphalerite (150 mg L⁻¹ Cu-vitriol), (c) pyrite, adapted from Ref. [34].

Figure 13. A summary of some seasonality triggering mechanisms on sulphide flotation plants.

Figure 14. Schematic representation of PNIPAM haematite flotation steps, with results compared with sodium oleate flotation, adapted from Ref. [37].

Figure 15. Seasonal variations of niobium recovery at Niobec facilities, adapted from Ref. [62]: months with negative recovery shift have blue bars, with positive shift having red bars, months with close to zero shift (<1%) have yellow bars or no bars. The zero point is mean summer recovery.

Figure 16. Effect of flotation temperature on fluorite grade and recovery at pH 9 with oleic acid, adapted from [188].

Figure 17. Fluorite recovery as a function of pulp temperature and collector type, adapted from Ref. [47].

Figure 18. Comparison of the composition of a commercial fatty acid collector and EV-1, plotted using data from Ref. [50].

Figure 19. Solubility surfaces for (a) halite and (b) sylvite as a function of MgCl₂ and temperature (in a system with NaCl:KCl ratio of 1:1), adapted from Ref. [206].

Figure 20. Recovery and grade of lithium concentrate at different temperatures of the flotation pulp, adapted from Ref. [237].

Table 2. Summary of some reported optimal flotation temperatures for different minerals.

Mineral/source of ore for tests	Optimal temperature (°C)	Inter-seasonal/temp. effect	Reagents	References
Sphalerite (ZnS):
Matagami concentrator (Canada)	–	2.5% change in Zn grade (summer–winter)	CuSO4, xanthates, MIBC	[64]
Fankou Mine (China)	25–40 (not higher than 50)	Zn recovery and grade by 0.66% and 0.4% (summer–winter)	CuSO4, butyl xanthate	[125]
Meggen plant (Germany)	25	4% in Zn grade for 5–7°C amplitude	Xanthates, CuSO4, ZnSO4	[126]
Somincor (Portugal)	30–45 (highest losses at 60 and above)	up to 25% Zn recovery	Xanthates, CuSO4, lime	[89,132]
Uchalinskaja plant (Russia)	30–40	10% in Zn grade when 10°C and 40°C compared	Xanthates, CuSO4	[124]
Boliden concentrators (Sweden)	not lower than 12	ca. 3% in Zn grade when tests at 4°C and 22°C compared	IBX, Dowfroth 250, NaHSO3, dextrin, CuSO4	[130,240]
Brunswick Mine concentrator (Canada)	35	0.1% Zn recovery loss when temperature dropped below 35	Xanthates, CuSO4, lime	[128]
Galena (PbS):
Mono-mineral lab tests	–	7% gain in Pb recovery by rising temp. from 5 to 20	MIBC, NaBX	[104]
Mono-mineral lab tests	below 60	–	n-BAF	[35]
Gold:
Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting (Canada)	around 20	up to 30% decrease in gold recovery	Xanthates, lime, TNC 312, KAX	[28]
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2):
Belousovskaja plant (Kazahstan)	18–20	–	Cyanide, xanthates	[133]
Prieska Copper Mines concentrator (South Africa)	–	loss in Cu–Zn selectivity: higher Zn content in Cu concentrates in summer	Cyanides, Cu-sulphate, IPX, DIBD, TEB	[29]
Pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8):
Clarabelle mill (Canada)	–	2% Ni loss when temperature dropped from around 20 to around 10	Xanthates, lime	[63]
Quartz (SiO2):
Mihajlovsky GOK (Russia)	above 10–12	Magnetite reverse flotation operation: 2–3% loss in grade and recovery of iron	Amine РА-14, starch	[173]
Smithsonite (ZnCO3) + Sphalerite (ZnS) (9:1):
Lanping mine (China)	25–30	–	–	[174]
Alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6:
Lab tests with Wah-Wah Mountains alunite ore (USA)	35–50		Oleic acid	[184]
Carnallite (KMgCl3·6(H2O)):
Qarhan Salt Lake plants (China)	Room temp. – decomposition to KCl, reagent temp.: >60	November to March shutdown	Amines, CMC, alcohol frother	[42]
Sylvite (KCl):
Mosaic (Canada)	20–32	–	Amines, polyglycol	[203]
JSC ‘Sylvinite’ plant (Russia)	below 35	–	Armeen HT, SKFlot FA-4, Flotigam S	[201]
JSC ‘Belaruskali’ (Belarus)	below 36	–	Lutamine ТН 95, Lutamine ТН 95 summer, starches	[202]
Bastnaesite ((Y, Ce)(CO3)F):
Baotou concentrator (China)	35–45	–	Naphthyl hydroxamic acid, water glass	[215]
Wei Shan RE Mine (China)	40–43	–	L102, water glass, Al salt	[217]
Pyrochlore ((Na, Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)):
Niobec (Canada)	principal trigger – phosphates in water	4% Nb recovery decrease in winter	Fatty acids	[62]
Scheelite (CaWO4):
Luanchuan flotation plant (China)	principal trigger – silica glass in process water	5–8% recovery drop in winter	Silica glass	[223]
Coal:
Karbomet Mining Coal Washing Plant (Turkey)	25–50	–	Waste vegetable oil lab testing	[235]
Milldale coal (USA)	27	Around 1% increase in recovery per 1°C increase, best selectivity against ash content between 20°C and 30°C	Amyl alcohol lab testing	[234]
Spodumene (LiAl(SiO3)2):
Vilatuxe (Spain)	33–50	–	Oleic acid, caustic soda	[237]

Figure 21. A concept of ‘flotation rectangular’ demonstrates seasonal triggers sphere of influence and flotation system components interactions.

Janishevskaja E, Gershenkop A, Evdokimova G, et al. Изучение развития и функционирования микроорганизмов в процессе флотации сульфидных медно-никелевых руд на обогатительной фабрике АО“Кольская ГМК” [Investigation of microorganisms in the process of Cu-Ni flotation at Kolskaja plant]. In: VI всероссийская Научная Конференция Экологические Проблемы Северных Регионов и Пути Их Решения. Apatity: Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2016. p. 308–311. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Nikolaev AA, Konyrova A, Goryachev BE. Wetting of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite in treatment with sulfhydryl collectors in saltish and Sea water. J Min Sci. 2020;56:654–662. DOI:10.1134/S1062739120046946

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pecina-Trevino ET, Uribe-Salas A, Nava-Alonso F, et al. On the sodium-diisobutyl dithiophosphinate (aerophine 3418A) interaction with activated and unactivated galena and pyrite. Int J Miner Process. 2003;71:201–217. DOI:10.1016/S0301-7516(03)00059-0

 Google Scholar

An D. Improved flotation of bastnaesite and chalcopyrite [PhD thesis]. Department of Mining and Geological Engineering, University of Arizona; 2017.

 Google Scholar

Li F, Zeng X. 攀西地区氟碳 矿速矿工艺研究 [Beneficiation technology for bastnaesite in Panxi area. J Shanghai Second Polytech Univ. 1999;1:1–7. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Smith G, Smadi R. Surfactant compositions containing alkoxylated amines. US patent no. 6,617,303 B1. 2003.

 Google Scholar

Chen C, Zhu H, Sun W, et al. Synergetic effect of the mixed anionic/non-ionic collectors in low temperature flotation of scheelite. Minerals. 2017;7. DOI:10.3390/min7060087

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Levanaho J, Hoover K, Spence C, et al. Effect of pulp temperature on copper and gold collectors at Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting. In: 37th Annu. Meet. Can. Miner. Process.; 2005. p. 481–496.

 Google Scholar

Marais P. Some practical considerations in the design and operation of a plant for the differential flotation of mixed sulphides, especially copper and zinc. J South African Inst Min Metall. 1980;80:385–394.

 Google Scholar

Zhu H, Qin W, Chen C, et al. Interactions between sodium oleate and polyoxyethylene ether and the application in the low-temperature flotation of scheelite at 283 K. J Surfactants Deterg. 2016;19:1289–1295. DOI:10.1007/s11743-016-1864-1

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Makhotla N, Hearn S, Boskovic S. The Huntsman approach to flotation frothers. In: 8th South African Base Met. Conf. Livingstone: Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; 2015. p. 129–140.

 Google Scholar

Liu X, Li Z, Li Z, et al. 黄铁矿低温浮选试验及机理分析 [Study and mechanism analysis on the flotation of pyrite in low temperature. Conserv Util Miner Resour. 2019;4. Chinese. DOI:10.13779/j.cnki

 Google Scholar

Celanese Corp. MIBC: methyl isobutyl carbinol. Dallas; 2013.

 Google Scholar

Wark W, Cox A. Principles of flotation, VI – influence of temperature on effect of copper sulfate, alkalies and sodium cyanide on adsorption of xanthates at mineral surfaces. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; 1938.

 Google Scholar

Kubota T, Yoshida M, Hashimoto S, et al. 黄銅鉱および方鉛鉱の浮選分離における温度の影響に関する基礎研究 [Fundamental study on the effect of pulp temperature in copper-lead bulk differential flotation]. 日本鉱業会誌 [J Japan Min Assoc]. 1974;90:641. Japanese.

 Google Scholar

Li C, Hui Y. 安徽李楼铁矿强磁选尾矿反浮选温度试验 [Temperature test of reverse flotation for high intensity magnetic separation tailings of Anhui Lilou iron ore]. 现代矿业 [Mod Min]. 2013;534:112–113. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Ng WS, Sonsie R, Forbes E, et al. Flocculation/flotation of hematite fines with anionic temperature-responsive polymer acting as a selective flocculant and collector. Miner Eng. 2015;77:64–71. DOI:10.1016/j.mineng.2015.02.013

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cao Z, Qiu P, Wang S, et al. Benzohydroxamic acid to improve iron removal from potash feldspar ores. J Cent South Univ. 2018;25:2190–2198. DOI:10.1007/s11771-018-3907-4

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li Q, Yin WZ, Ma YQ, et al. 含镁碳酸盐矿物溶解度 模拟计算及对浮选过程的影响 [Simulation and effects on flotation of solubility of magnesium carbonate minerals]. J Northeast Univ Nat Sci. 2011;32:1348–1351. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Zhang Y. 萤石低温浮选捕收剂的研究 [Collectors for low temperature flotation of fluorite: a study]. Min Metall Eng. 1995;15:25–27. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Samatova L, Kienko L, Shestovets V, et al. Промышленное внедрение низкотемпературной флотации флюорита с применением Аспарала Ф и собирательных смесей на его основе в комплексе с модификатором [Industrial testing of low-temperature fluorite flotation with asparal F mixtures]. Горный Информационно-Аналитический Бюллетень [Min Informational Anal Bull]. 2007;12:308–318. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Zhylev A, Pihovkin L, Rykin V, et al. Смазачно-охлаждающая жидкость для механической обработки металлов [Cutting fluid for metal machining]. USSR patent no. SU777053A1. 1979. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Chen H, Ren Z, Gao H, et al. 石油磺酸钠低温浮选石英型萤石的试验研究 [Experimental study on low-temperature flotation of quartz-type fluorite with petroleum sodium sulfonate]. Conserv Util Miner Resour. 2020;40:135–139. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Corpas-Martínez JR, Pérez A, Navarro-Domínguez R, et al. Testing of new collectors for concentration of fluorite by flotation in pneumatic (modified hallimond tube) and mechanical cells. Minerals. 2020;10. DOI:10.3390/min10050482

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou Q, Lu S. 萤石浮选增效剂及其应用 [Fatty acid booster and its application in fluorite flotation]. 化工矿山技术 [Chem Min Technol]. 1995;24:22–25. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Jong K, Paek I, Kim Y, et al. Flotation mechanism of a novel synthesized collector from Evodiaefructus onto fluorite surfaces. Miner Eng. 2020;146:106017. DOI:10.1016/j.mineng.2019.106017

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zheng G, Sun T, Kou J, et al. 新型捕收剂EV-1的合成及其在磷矿选矿中的应用 [Synthesis of collector (EV-1) and its application in flotation of apatite ores]. 化工矿物与加工 [IM P]. 2016;2:4–8. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Li D, Leng X, Qin F. 宜昌磷矿低温捕收剂研究 [Low temperature collector for Yichang phosphate rock]. 化工矿物与加工 [IM P]. 2010;10:1–4. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Su F, Hanumantha Rao K, Forssberg KSE, et al. The influence of temperature on the kinetics of apatite flotation from magnetite fines. Int J Miner Process. 1998;54:131–145. DOI:10.1016/S0301-7516(98)00021-0

 Google Scholar

Smolko-Schvarzmayr N, Klingberg A, Nordberg H. Use of branched alcohols and alkoxylates thereof as secondary collectors. US patent no. 2017/0252753 A1. 2017.

 Google Scholar

Xu J. 新浦磷矿低温捕收剂的选择 [Selection of collectors in Xinpu phosphate mine at lower temperature]. 化工矿物与加工 [IM P]. 2005;12:21–23, 26. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Wang X, Miller JD, Cheng F, et al. Potash flotation practice for carnallite resources in the Qinghai Province, PRC. Miner Eng. 2014;66:33–39. DOI:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.04.012

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Anderson CD. Improved understanding of rare earth surface chemistry and its application to froth flotation [PhD thesis]. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines; 2015.

 Google Scholar

Pavez O, Peres AEC. Effect of sodium metasilicate and sodium sulphide on the floatability of monazite-zircon-rutile with oleate and hydroxamates. Miner Eng. 1993;6:69–78. DOI:10.1016/0892-6875(93)90164-I

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen C, ling Zhu H, qing Qin W, et al. Improving collecting performance of sodium oleate using a polyoxyethylene ether in scheelite flotation. J Cent South Univ. 2018;25:2971–2978. DOI:10.1007/s11771-018-3967-5

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wills B, Finch J. Wills’ mineral processing technology; 2016. DOI:10.1115/DSCC2013-3715

 Google Scholar

Xu M, Wilson S. Investigation of seasonal metallurgical shift at Inco’s Clarabelle mill. Miner Eng. 2000;13:1207–1218. DOI:10.1016/s0892-6875(00)00105-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Radtke DB, White AF, Davis JV, et al. Dissolved oxygen. In: U.S. Geol. Surv. TWRI B. 9; 1998. p. 1–27.

 Google Scholar

Zhang W. Evaluation of effect of viscosity changes on bubble size in a mechanical flotation cell. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China Engl Ed. 2014;24:2964–2968. DOI:10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63432-4

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nesset JE, Gomez CO, Finch JA, et al. The use of gas dispersion measurements to improve flotation performance. In: 34th Annu. Meet. Can. Miner. Process.; 2002. p. 361–383.

 Google Scholar

O’Connor CT, Dunne RC, de Sousa AMRB. Effect of temperature on the flotation of pyrite. J South African Inst Min Metall. 1984;84:389–394.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kaye GWC, Laby TH. Tables of physical and chemical constants. London: Longmans; 1962.

 Google Scholar

Yarar B, Kaona J. The critical surface tension of wetting of sulfide minerals. SME-AIME Annu. Meet.; Atlanta; 1983.

 Google Scholar

Roberts J, Deredin C, Paulin J. Process improvement update at Brunswick mine. In: 40th Annu. Meet. Can. Miner. Process.; 2008. p. 27–49.

 Google Scholar

Fernandes I. Influence of temperature on sulphide ore flotation applied to the rougher regrind circuit of the zinc flotation plant of Neves-Corvo mine [PhD thesis]. Civil Engineering and Georesources, University of Lisbon; 2016.

 Google Scholar

Avdohin V. Физико-химические основы оптимизации флотации сульфидов [Physicochemical foundations of sulfide flotation optimization]. In: Symp. Mod. Min. Educ. Sci. Ind. Moscow: Sholokhov Moscow State University; 1996. p. 3–8. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Mhonde N, Schreithofer N, Corin K, et al. Assessing the combined effect of water temperature and complex water matrices on xanthate adsorption using multiple linear regression. Minerals. 2020;10:1–18. DOI:10.3390/min10090733

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Albrecht T, Addai-Mensah J, Fornasiero D. Critical copper concentration in sphalerite flotation: effect of temperature and collector. Int J Miner Process. 2016;146:15–22. DOI:10.1016/j.minpro.2015.11.010

 Google Scholar

Marois J-S, Downey D, Matton G, et al. Resolving detrimental seasonal effect on the flotation processes at Niobec. In: 50th Annu. Camadian Miner. Process. Conf.; 2018. p. 106–118.

 Google Scholar

Li S, Gong D, Zhang W, et al. Improving fluorite flotation under low temperature and neutral pH conditions. Surf Rev Lett. 2020;27. DOI:10.1142/S0218625X19501877

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bodnar R, Vityk M, Hryn J, et al. Phase Equilibria in the system H2O-NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 relevant to salt cake processing. In: 126th Annu. Meet. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc.; Orlando; 1997. p. 1–7.

 Google Scholar

Menéndez M, Vidal A, Toraño J, et al. Optimisation of spodumene flotation. Eur J Miner Process Environ Prot. 2004;4:130–135.

 Google Scholar

Zheng L, Du Z, Liu Y. 凡口矿高碱介质中闪锌矿浮选特性研究 [The study on flotation properties of sphalerite in high alkalinity medium in Fankou lead-zinc mine]. Min Metall Eng. 2005;25:37–40. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Weise K, Schmitz J, Wollmann G. Das Mineral- Anreicherungsverfahren Flotation (Ein Überblick) [The flotation mineral concentration process: an overview]. Karlsruhe: Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH; 1978. German.

 Google Scholar

Manouchehri HR, Johansson B, Ikumapayi F. Effect of temperature in flotation of Zn from massive sulfide ores. In: 26th Int. Miner. Process. Congr. IMPC 2012 Innov. Process. Sustain. Growth – Conf. Proc.; 2012. p. 3227–3238.

 Google Scholar

Arustamjan A. Влияние температуры пульпы на показатели цинковой флотации [Pulp temperature influence on zinc flotation performance]. Zap Gorn Instituta [J Min Inst]. 2004;159:140–141. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Albrecht T, Fornasiero D, Addai-Mensah J. Effect of water temperature on sphalerite flotation. 27th ACSSSC; Roseworthy; 2010.

 Google Scholar

Ikumapayi F, Makitalo M, Johansson B, et al. Recycling process water in sulfide flotation, part A: effect of calcium and sulfate on sphalerite recovery. Miner Metall Process. 2012;29:183–191. DOI:10.1007/bf03402455

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

He H, He T, Wang X, et al. 矿浆温度对方铅矿浮选效果的影响及机理研究 [Study on the effect and mechanism of pulp temperature on galena flotation]. Conserv Util Miner Resour. 2020;40:88. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Abramov A. Технология переработки и обогащения руд цветных металлов [Technology for processing and concentration of non-ferrous metal ores]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Moscow State Mining University; 2005. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Ignatova T, Shelepov E. Влияние температуры жидкой фазы пульпы на катионную доводку магнетитовых концентратов ОАО “Михайловский ГОК” [An influence of temperature of liquid phase of the pulp on cationic cleaner flotation of magnetite concentrates]. Min Informational Anal Bull. 2011;4:237–240. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Zhang X, Shao G, Wu P, et al. 氧化铅锌矿石低温浮选工艺研究 [Study on the flotation of lead-zinc oxide ore at low temperature]. Min Metall. 2003;12:21. Chinese.

 Google Scholar

Miller J, Ackerman J. Bench scale flotation of alunite ore with oleic acid. In: Fine Part. Symp. New York: AIME; 1980. p. 832–852. DOI:10.1525/9780520959743-042

 Google Scholar

Essilfie E. Modification of amine collectors for low temperature flotation of potash [Master’s thesis]. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan; 2014.

 Google Scholar

Aliferova S. Активация процессов флотации шламов и сильвина при обогащении калийных руд [Activation of flotation processes for slimes and sylvite during potassium salt processing] [PhD thesis]. Ural State University; 2007. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Turko M, Dormeshkin O, Miskov E, et al. Флотация сильвина из калийных руд при повышенных температурах [Flotation of sylvite from potash ores at elevated temperatures]. Труды БГТУ Химия и Технология Неорганических Материалов и Веществ. 2014;3:71–77. Russian.

 Google Scholar

Li M, Gao K, Zhang D, et al. The influence of temperature on rare earth flotation with naphthyl hydroxamic acid. J Rare Earths. 2018;36:99–107. DOI:10.1016/j.jre.2017.07.004

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zeng X, Li F. 微山稀土矿选矿工艺研究 [Beneficiation technology for Wei Shan rare earth mine]. J Shanghai Second Polytech Univ. 1991;2:46–52. Chinese. DOI:10.19570/j.cnki.jsspu.1991.02.007

 Google Scholar

Kang J, Chen C, Sun W, et al. A significant improvement of scheelite recovery using recycled flotation wastewater treated by hydrometallurgical waste acid. J Clean Prod. 2017;151:419–426. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.073

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hacifazlioğlu H, Gerdan GH. Taşkömürü Tozları Flotasyonunda Sıcaklığın Etkisi [Effect of temperature on fine hard coal flotation. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilim Derg. 2016;5:1–8. Turkish.

 Google Scholar

Gayle J, Eddy W. Laboratory investigation of the effect of temperature on coal flotation (bureau of mines report of investigations). Washington (DC): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 1961.

 Google Scholar