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Original Articles

High-speed video analysis of crown formation dynamics of controlled weapon-head impacts on to three surface types

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Pages 64-73 | Received 01 Feb 2016, Accepted 18 May 2016, Published online: 07 Feb 2017
 

ABSTRACT

This work explores the crown formation dynamics of blunt force impact onto a thin film of sheep's blood. Three weapons – a hammer head, a simulant baseball bat, and a metal bar – were used to impact blood on fibreboard, cloth, and sponge. Impact velocity was controlled using a custom impact device. High-speed videos were collected and analyzed with motion tracking and computing software. Interestingly, crowns were not observed to form in seven out of nine trials where each weapon struck the bloodied sponge. The widths and heights where observable crowns formed were measured and ranged between 0 to 105 mm and –0.4 to 36 mm, respectively. Bloodied material type was observed to influence the size and shape of the crown; however, the weapon heads used in this study did not. Three unusual cases of rim instability were observed where droplets were sent in the opposite direction of the expanding crown. This work supports the idea that the formation dynamics of mechanisms caused by blunt force impact are complex. Observable crowns can form with a range of geometries and subsequently produce droplets that originate at points different from the contact interface between the weapon head and blood.

RÉSUMÉ

Ce travail explore la dynamique de formation de la couronne lors d'un impact sur un mince film de sang de mouton. Trois armes, un marteau, une simulation de batte de baseball et une barre de métal, ont été utilisés pour impacter du sang sur un panneau de fibres, du tissu et une éponge. La vitesse d'impact a été contrôlée à l'aide d'un dispositif. Des vidéos haute vitesse ont été collectées et analysées avec des logiciels de suivi de mouvement et de calcul. Fait intéressant, il n'a pas été observé de couronnes dans 7 des 9 essais où chacune des armes frappait l'éponge ensanglantée. Les largeurs et hauteurs des couronnes obtenues ont été mesurées. Ces dimensions varient respectivement entre 0 et 105 mm et entre –0,4 et 36 mm. Il a été observé que seul le type de matériau ensanglanté influe sur la taille et la forme de la couronne. Les têtes d'arme utilisées dans cette étude n'ont pas d'influence. Trois cas inhabituels d'instabilité du contour ont été observés lorsque des gouttelettes ont été envoyées dans la direction opposée de l'expansion de la couronne. Ce travail soutient l'idée que la dynamique de formation des conséquences d'un impact est complexe. Des couronnes observables peuvent se former avec des géométries variables et produire des gouttelettes issues de points différents de l'interface tête d'arme/sang.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend thanks to Ed Wilson and Ron Fox of the Science Workshop at Trent University for manufacturing the weapon heads. Also, thank you to the OPP Peterborough Forensic Identification Services Unit for housing the impact device and providing space for experimentation. The author T.S. is funded by the Vanier Canadian Graduate Scholarship Program.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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