Karyomorphological study of nine Tanacetum taxa (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) from Iran

Figures & data

Table 1. Somatic chromosome number, ploidy level, karyotype formula, ranges of chromosome length, total karyotype length (TKL), asymmetry indices (A₁, A₂) of Romero Zarco (1986), symmetry classes (SC) of Stebbins (1971) and total form percentage (TF%) for Tanacetum taxa.

No.	Taxon	2n	Ploidy level	Karyotype formula	Chromosome length range (µm)	TKL (µm)	A1	A2	SC	TF%
1	Tanacetum archibaldii	18	2x	1M + 6m + 1sm + 1st	2.44–3.86	28.4	0.30	0.17	2A	40
2	T. balsamita subsp. balsamitoides	18	2x	2M + 5m + 1sm + 1st	3.97–5.97	44.4	0.28	0.16	2A	41
3	T. budjnurdense	18	2x	1M + 6m + 1sm + 1st	3.99–7.23	47.4	0.28	0.19	2A	41
4	T. canescens	18	2x	6m + 3sm	3.2–6.72	43.1	0.34	0.24	2B	40
5	T. parthenium (Hamedan)	18	2x	3M + 3m + 2sm + 1st	1.81–3.02	21.8	0.23	0.16	2A	43
6	T. parthenium (Tehran)	18	2x	3M + 4m + 2sm	1.63–2.81	20	0.25	0.15	2A	43
7	T. persicum	18	2x	2M + 5m + 1sm + 1st	2.81–4.84	33.5	0.31	0.20	2A	40
8	T. polycephalum subsp. azerbaidjanicum	36	4x	11m + 4sm + 3st	2.95–6.8	80.1	0.37	0.22	2B	38
9	T. polycephalum subsp. duderanum	36	4x	1M + 14m + 3sm	3.9–7.85	91.6	0.41	0.18	2B	41
10	T. sonbolii	18	2x	8m + 1st	3.83–5.98	42.6	0.28	0.15	2A	41

Table 3. Karyomorphological parameters of the tetraploid Tanacetum taxa. Chromosome pairs are in Roman numerals.

Pair number	RL	AR	CI	Type	Pair number	RL	AR	CI	Type
T. polycephalum subsp. azerbaidjanicum					T. polycephalum subsp. duderanum
I	8.50	1.22	44.99	m	I	8.57	1.15	46.50	m
II	7.35	1.82	35.40	sm	II	6.48	1.73	36.70	m
III	6.75	1.26	44.24	m	III	6.20	1.05	48.77	M
IV	6.31	1.64	37.89	m	IV	6.06	1.1	47.75	m
V	6.20	1.15	46.52	m	V	6.02	1.32	43.12	m
VI	6.18	1.4	41.72	m	VI	5.95	2.29	30.46	sm
VII	5.90	1.1	47.70	m	VII	5.76	1.86	35.04	m
VIII	5.69	2.59	27.77	sm	VIII	5.65	1.18	45.95	m
IX	5.57	1.37	42.26	m	IX	5.62	1.48	40.19	m
X	5.45	1.28	43.89	m	X	5.39	1.13	46.96	m
XI	5.24	1.31	43.29	m	XI	5.29	1.58	38.76	m
XII	5.18	2.57	28.57	sm	XII	5.22	1.64	37.87	m
XIII	4.56	1.09	47.84	m	XIII	5.15	1.45	40.68	m
XIV	4.55	6.16	14.09	st	XIV	5.07	1.12	47.10	m
XV	4.39	2.21	31.18	sm	XV	4.52	1.2	45.41	m
XVI	4.29	1.51	39.94	m	XVI	4.49	2.01	33.33	sm
XVII	4.24	1.46	40.70	m	XVII	4.31	2.18	31.39	sm
XVIII	3.64	5.19	16.27	st	XVIII	4.26	1.58	38.72	m

Abbreviations: RL, relative length; AR, arm ratio (L/S); CI, centromeric index (100S/TL); M, median point; m, median region; sm, submedian region; st, subterminal region.

Table 2. Karyomorphological parameters of the diploid Tanacetum taxa. Chromosome pairs are in Roman numerals.

Pair number	RL	AR	CI	Type	Pair number	RL	AR	CI	Type
T. archibaldii					T. parthenium (Hamedan)
I	13.61	1.21	45.34	m	I	13.87	1.75	36.42	sm
II	13.57	1.5	40.00	m	II	13.68	1.1	47.65	m
III	12.65	1.35	42.62	m	III	11.43	1.02	49.40	M
IV	11.60	1.32	43.16	m	IV	11.20	1.04	49.18	M
V	10.75	4.58	18.03	st	V	10.74	1.33	43.16	m
VI	10.19	1.15	46.37	m	VI	10.56	1.01	49.57	M
VII	9.80	1.01	49.64	M	VII	10.38	1.12	47.35	m
VIII	9.24	1.24	44.66	m	VIII	9.83	3.3	23.36	st
IX	8.60	2.43	29.10	sm	IX	8.31	1.75	36.46	sm
T. balsamita subsp. balsamitoides					T. parthenium (Tehran)
I	13.45	1.22	45.06	m	I	14.08	1.4	41.64	m
II	13.45	1.02	49.58	M	II	13.88	1.05	48.74	M
III	12.91	1.31	43.11	m	III	12.63	1.27	44.05	m
IV	11.49	1.1	47.65	m	IV	12.37	1.01	49.80	M
V	10.86	1.6	37.97	m	V	10.57	1.05	48.82	M
VI	9.93	1.02	49.21	M	VI	10.27	1.33	42.93	m
VII	9.77	4.33	18.89	st	VII	9.82	1.33	42.86	m
VIII	9.21	1.29	43.52	m	VIII	8.22	2.85	26.22	sm
IX	8.94	2.32	29.97	sm	IX	8.17	1.84	34.97	sm
T. budjnurdense					T. canescens
I	15.26	1.39	41.77	m	I	15.60	1.23	44.94	m
II	12.94	1.33	43.07	m	II	14.55	1.08	48.01	m
III	12.34	1.25	44.62	m	III	12.70	1.28	43.88	m
IV	11.35	1.07	48.33	m	IV	10.70	1.78	36.01	sm
V	10.89	1.13	46.90	m	V	10.56	2.68	27.69	sm
VI	10.07	2.11	32.08	sm	VI	10.47	1.46	41.02	m
VII	9.52	1.04	49.00	M	VII	9.91	1.42	41.45	m
VIII	9.22	3.26	23.57	st	VIII	8.08	1.38	41.95	m
IX	8.42	1.5	40.10	m	IX	7.43	2.55	28.13	sm
T. persicum					T. sonbolii
I	14.46	1.4	42.15	m	I	14.02	1.43	41.14	m
II	13.77	1.27	44.03	m	II	13.04	1.50	39.93	m
III	12.58	1.04	48.93	M	III	11.70	1.24	44.69	m
IV	11.98	1.09	47.88	m	IV	11.52	1.29	43.58	m
V	10.58	1.56	38.98	m	V	11.40	1.09	47.94	m
VI	10.31	3.6	22.03	st	VI	10.25	1.31	43.25	m
VII	9.14	1.04	49.02	M	VII	9.78	3.13	24.22	st
VIII	8.78	1.6	38.44	m	VIII	9.31	1.07	48.36	m
IX	8.40	2.97	25.62	sm	IX	8.98	1.62	38.12	m

Abbreviations: RL, relative length; AR, arm ratio (L/S); CI, centromeric index (100S/TL); M, median point; m, median region; sm, submedian region; st, subterminal region.

Figure 1. (Color online) Metaphase chromosomes of Tanacetum studied taxa. (A) T. archibaldii; (B) T. balsamita subsp. balsamitoides; (C) T. budjnurdense; (D) T. persicum; (E) T. parthenium (Hamedan); (F) T. parthenium (Tehran); (G) T. canescens; (H) T. sonbolii. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Figure 2. (Color online) Haploid idiograms of the studied taxa from Tanacetum. (A) T. archibaldii; (B) T. balsamita subsp. balsamitoides; (C) T. budjnurdense; (D) T. persicum; (E) T. parthenium (Hamedan); (F) T. parthenium (Tehran); (G) T. canescens; (H) T. sonbolii.

Figure 4. Haploid idiograms of the studied taxa from Tanacetum. (A) T. polycephalum subsp. azerbaidjanicum; (B) T. polycephalum subsp. duderanum.

Figure 3. Metaphase chromosomes of the studied taxa from Tanacetum. (A) T. polycephalum subsp. azerbaidjanicum; (B) T. polycephalum subsp. duderanum. Scale bars, 10μm.

Figure 5. Scattergram of intrachromosomal (A₁) and interchromosal (A₂) asymmetry indices of all taxa of Tanacetum investigated. The taxa are numbered as in Table 1.

Table

Taxa	Source of material	2n	Reference
Tanacetum abrotanifolium Druce	Armenia	36	Khandjian (1975)
T. achilleifolium Sch. Bip.	Russia	18	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
T. albipannosum Hub.-Mor.& Grierson	Turkey	18	Inceer et al. (2012)
T. annuum L.	Portugal	18	Queiros (1975)
T. archibaldi	Iran	18	This study
T. argenteum (Lam.) Willd	Turkey	18	Martin-Noguet (1969)
T. aucheranum (DC.) Sch. Bip.	Turkey	18	Inceer et al. (2012)
T. balsamita L.	Italy	54	Ferrarella et al. (1981)
	UK	18, 54	Dowrick (1952)
	Georgia	18	Gagnidze and Gviniashvili (1997)
– – subsp. balsamita	Turkey	36	Inceer et al. (2012)
– – subsp. balsamitoides	Iran	18	This study
T. balsamitoides Sch. Bip	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1975)
T. bipinnatum Sch. Bip.	Russia	82	Krogulevich (1984)
	Russia	54	Lavrenko and Serditov (1987)
	Russia	54–56	Lavrenko et al. (1988)
	Russia	64	Zhukova et al. (1977)
	Canada	54	Morton (1981)
	USA	72	Dawe and Murray (1981)
T. boreale Fisch. & DC.	Russia	18	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
T. budjnurdense	Iran	18	This study
T. camphoratum Less.	USA	54	Powell et al. (1974)
T. canescens	Iran	18	This study
T. chiliophyllum Sch. Bip.	Armenia	36	Khandjian (1975)
	Iran	18,27	Chehregani and Hajisadeghian (2009)
T. cinerariifolium Sch. Bip.	Ecuador	12	Spooner et al. (1995)
	Italy	18	Corsi (1962)
	Japan (Cult.)	18, 24, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36	Tominaga (1982)
T. coccineum (Willd.) Grierson	Turkey	18	Inceer and Hayirlioglu-Ayaz (2007)
	Russia	18	Zhukova (1967)
	Japan (Cult.)	18	Tahara (1915)
– – subsp. chamaemelifolium (Somm. & Lev.) Grierson	Turkey	18	Inceer et al. (2012)
T. ferulaceum Sch. Bip	Spain	18	Febles et al. (1989)
T. flavovirens (Boiss.) Tzvelev – – subsp. tamrutense (Sosn.) Takht.	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1975)
T. huronense Nutt.	Canada	54	Chinnappa and Chmielewski (1987)
T. kotschyi Boiss.	Iran	18	Chehregani and Mehanfar (2008)
T. leptophyllum Sch. Bip.	Georgia	18	Davlianidze (1985)
T. macrophyllum Sch. Bip.	Bulgaria	14	Baltisberger (2006)
	Turkey	18	Inceer and Hayirlioglu-Ayaz (2007)
	Yugoslavia	36	Sz.-Borsos (1970)
T. millefolium (L.) Tzvelev	Bulgaria	14	Kuzmanov and Nikolova (1980)
T. niveum Sch. Bip.	Russia	18	Zhukova (1964)
T. parthenium Sch. Bip.	Bulgaria	18	Kuzmanov et al. (1986)
	Greece	18	Strid and Franzen (1984)
	Australia	18	Bruhl (1990)
	UK	18	Dempsey et al. (1994)
	Albania	18	Baltisberger (1993)
	UK	18	Brown et al. (1999)
	Japan	18	Abd El-Twab and Kondo (2001)
	Slovakia	18	Ferakova (1978)
	Russia	36	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
	Iran	36	Chehregani and Mehanfar (2008)
	Iran (Tehran)	18	This study
	Iran (Hamedan)	18	This study
	Germany	36	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
	Turkey	18	Inceer and Hayirlioglu-Ayaz (2007)
	France (Cult.)	16	Vilmorin and Chopinet (1954)
T. parthenifolium Sch. Bip.	UK	18	Morton (1977)
	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1975)
	Germany	18	Gregor and Hand (2007)
	Russia	18	Sokolovskaya and Strelkova (1960)
T. persicum	Iran	18	This study
T. pinnatum Boiss.	Iran	18	Chehregani and Mehanfar (2008)
T. polycephalum Sch. Bip.	Iran	72	Chehregani and Hajisadeghian (2009)
	Iran	90	Chehregani and Mehanfar (2008)
	Iran,	18, 36, 54	Chehregani et al. (2011)
	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1975)
	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1992)
– – subsp. azerbaidjanicum	Iran	36	This study
– – subsp. duderanum	Iran	36	This study
T. praeteritum (Heyw.) Heywood	Turkey	36	Strid (1987)
T. pulchrum Sch. Bip.	Russia	18	Sokolovskaya and Strelkova (1948)
T. punctatum (Desr.) Grierson	Russia	18	Zhukova (1964)
T. roseum Sch. Bip.	Russia	18	Gvinianidze and Avazneli (1982)
T. sinaicum (Fresen.) Delile ex K. Bremer & Humphries	Egypt	18	Kamel (2001)
T. sonbolii	Iran	18	This study
T. sorbifolium (Boiss.) Grierson	Turkey	18	Inceer and Hayirlioglu-Ayaz (2007)
T. uralense (Krasch.) Tzvelev	Russia	18	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
T. vulgare L.	Finland	18	Arohonka (1982)
	USA	18	Dmitrieva and Parfenov (1983)
	Russia	18	Rostovtseva (1983)
	Russia	18	Krogulevich (1984)
	USA	18	Chinnappa and Chmielewski (1987)
	Russia	18	Krogulevich (1978)
	Macedonia	18	Sopova and Sekovski (1982)
	Poland	18	Frey et al. (1981)
	Russia	18	Lavrenko et al. (1990)
	Russia	18	Krasnikov and Lomonosova (1990)
	Russia	18, 18 + 2B	Lavrenko et al. (1991)
	UK	18	Hollingsworth et al. (1992)
	Slovakia	18	Murín (1993)
	Austria	18	Kiehn et al. (2000)
	Sweden	18,27	Lövkvist and Hultgård (1999)
	Armenia	18	Khandjian (1975)
	Netherlands	18	Krogulevich (1978)
	Poland	18	Zhmyleva and Kondo (2006)
	Japan	18	Abd El-Twab and Kondo (2004)

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