Genotoxicity of an organochlorine pesticide dichlorophene by micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays using bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus

Figures & data

Table 2. Incidence of in vivo chromosomal aberrations recorded in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus exposed to multiple doses of dichlorophene

Group	Time (h)	Total scored Mitotic spread	Chromatid aberrations		Chromosomal aberrations			Mean frequency of aberrations excluding gaps ±S.E
			B	G	B′	G′	MA
Normal control (NC)	24	308	0	1	1	0	1	0.95±0.32
	48	310	0	1	0	1	1	0.98±0.37
	72	292	0	1	0	1	1	0.65±0.02
		910	0	3	1	2	3
Positive control (PC) (40 mg/kg b. wt.)	24	318	8	9	4	2	3	7.47±1.92^*
	48	325	7	3	3	1	4	6.80±1.79^*
	72	313	6	2	3	0	4	6.47±1.72^*
		956	21	14	10	3	11
DCP 1 (66.9mg/kg b.wt.)	24	339	3	3	2	2	4	3.95±1.24^*
	48	319	2	1	1	2	4	3.11±1.08^*
	72	314	0	1	1	1	2	1.09±0.70
		972	5	5	4	5	10
DCP 2 (133.8mg/kg b.wt.)	24	325	4	3	3	3	5	5.63±1.56^*
	48	328	3	3	3	2	3	3.48±1.91^*
	72	309	1	2	2	1	3	2.76±1.03
		962	8	8	8	6	11
DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt.)	24	321	4	3	4	2	5	6.30±1.69^*
	48	331	3	3	3	3	4	4.63±1.37^*
	72	309	2	2	2	1	3	3.28±1.11^*
Total		961	9	8	9	6	12

Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); B (chromatid break); G (chromatid gap); B′ (Chromosomal break); G′ (Chromosomal gap); MA (Multiple aberrations); DCP1 (66.9 mg/kg b.wt); DCP2 (133.8 mg/kg b.wt); DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt);

^* statistically significant values at 0.05. (MWU – Test), compared to normal control.

Table 1. Micronuclei scoring in bone marrow cells of Rattus norvagicus treated in vivo with different doses of Dicholorophene

Group	Time (h)	Total PCEs Scored	Total NCEs Scored	Total number of MNPCEs	Mean frequency of MN per 1000 PCEs ± S.E	PCE/NCE
Normal control	24	1979	4011	2	0.29±0.09	0.33
	48	2016	3972	2	0.27±0.09	0.33
	72	2009	3982	2	0.27±0.09	0.33
Positive control (PC) (40 mg/kg b. wt.)	24	2134	3846	28	1.73±0.88^*	0.35
	48	2292	3738	15	0.96±0.33^*	0.38
	72	2310	3742	11	0.80±0.14^*	0.38
DCP 1 (66.9mg/kg b.wt.)	24	2075	3993	9	0.75±0.10^*	0.38
	48	2061	3994	6	0.59±0.01^*	0.34
	72	2279	3744	4	0.41±0.07	0.34
DCP 2 (133.8mg/kg b.wt.)	24	2083	3975	11	0.85±0.19^*	0.37
	48	2059	4039	7	0.64±0.01^*	0.34
	72	2299	3778	5	0.48±0.06	0.33
DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt.)	24	2027	4020	16	1.05±0.50^*	0.37
	48	2105	3991	9	0.74±0.09^*	0.34
	72	2295	3769	6	0.55±0.03	0.37

Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); DCP1 (66.9 mg/kg b.wt); DCP2 (133.8 mg/kg b.wt); DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt);

^* Statistically significant values at 0.05. (MWU – Test), compared to normal control.

Figure. 1 Multiple concentration and duration-dependent profiles of (MN) by dichlorophene at different intervals in Rattus norvegicus along with their standard percent error depicted by error bars. Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); DCP1 (66.9 mg); DCP2 (133.8 mg); DCP 3 (200.7 mg); ^*Statistically significant values at 0.05.

Figure. 2 Multiple concentrations and duration-dependent profiles of (CAs) by dichlorophene at different intervals in Rattus norvegicus along with their standard percent error depicted by error bars. Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); DCP1 (66.9 mg/kg bw); DCP2 (133.8 mg/kg bw); DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg bw); ^*Statistically significant values at 0.05.

Table 3. Incidence of in vivo chromosomal aberrations recorded in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus exposed to multiple doses of dichlorophene

Group	24 h (Mean % MI ±SE)	48 h (Mean % MI ±SE)	72 h (Mean % MI ±SE)
Normal control (NC)	6.02±1.67	5.18±1.47	4.90±1.41
Positive control (PC) (40 mg/kg b. wt.)	4.34±1.31^*	3.79±1.21^*	3.50±1.15^*
DCP 1 (66.9mg/kg b.wt.)	5.73±1.58^*	4.90±1.41^*	4.63±1.36
DCP 2 (133.8mg/kg b.wt.)	4.90±1.41^*	4.34±1.31	4.05±1.26
DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt.)	5.18±1.47^*	4.34±1.31	4.34±1.31

Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); DCP1 (66.9 mg/kg b.wt); DCP2 (133.8 mg/kg b.wt); DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg b.wt);

^* Statistically significant values at 0.05. (Chi Square Test), compared to normal control.

Figure. 3 Multiple concentrations and duration-dependent profiles of (MI) by dichlorophene at different intervals in Rattus norvegicus along with their standard percent error depicted by error bars. Normal control (distilled water); positive control (cyclohosphamide); DCP1 (66.9 mg/kg bw; DCP2 (133.8 mg/kg bw); DCP 3 (200.7 mg/kg bw); ^*Statistically significant values at 0.05.

Figure 4 (Color online) Photomicrograph showing polychromatic erythrocytes (a) and micronucleated cell (b) in the bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus treated in vivo with different doses of dicholorophene intraperitoneally and metaphase plates of bone marrow cells for different types of chromosomal aberrations with dicholorophene (c–h); (c) Normal metaphase; (d) Dicentric; (e) Acentric fragment and Gap; (f) Break; (g) Polyploidy; (h) Ring (100X oil immersion lens).