An overview of chromosome and basic numbers diversity in cytologically investigated polypetalous genera from the Western Himalayas (India)

Figures & data

Table 1. Cytological overview of polypetalous genera investigated from parts of the western Himalayas, on the basis of complete information including previously reported chromosome numbers as well as those from the current study.

S. no. and name of genus (habit)	Number of species					Total number of species/cytotypes (chromosomal races) = known 2n chromosome number(s) (figures in parenthesis give number of species/cytotypes)	Number of species with more than one cytotype		Basic numbers (common ones underlined, doubtful in parenthesis and highly doubtful shown by question mark)
	Taxonomically known^*	Cytologically known					Intraspecific euploids (respective base numbers in parenthesis)	Intraspecific aneuplods
		Total (%)	Diploids	Polyploids (%)	Various euploid levels
I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX	X
Family, Apiaceae Lindl.
1. Bupleurum L. (perennial herbs)	+180	87 (48.34)	72	15 (17.24)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x	123 = 12(21), 14(22), 16(48), 19(1), 20(2), 21(1), 22(2), 24(5), 25(1), 26(2), 28(1), 30(1), 31(1), 32 (9), 34(1), 37(1), 40(1), 42(1), 60(1), 64(1)	2(6), 2(7), 2(8)	18	x = 6, 7, 8
	++16	12 (75.00)	11	1 (8.33)	2x, 4x	12 = 12(2), 14(1), 16(9), 32(1)	——	——	x = 6, 7, 8
2. Chaerophyllum L. (perennial herbs)	+40	25 (62.50)	24	1 (4.00)	2x, 4x	27 = 12(1), 14(2), 22(23), 24(1)	——	——	x = 6, 7, 11
	++ 5	3 (60.00)	3	——	2x	3 = 22(3)	——	——	x = 11
3. Daucus L. (biennial herbs)	+60	28 (46.67)	26	2 (7.14)	2x, 4x, 6x	39 = 16(1), 18 (11), 20(8), 22 (15), 36(2), 66(2)	——	6	x = 8, 9, 10, 11
				9
	++ 1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 18(1)	——	1	x = 9
4. Ferula L. (perennial herbs)	+180	120 (66.67)	120	——	2x	120 = 22(120)	——	——	x = 11
	++4	1 (25.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 22(1)	——	——	x = 11
5. Heracleum L. (perennial herbs, rarely biennial)	+70	63 (90.00)	54	10 (15.87)	2x, 4x	69 = 19 (1), 20 (1), 22(54), 23 (1), 24 (1), 33(1), 40(3), 42(1), 44(4), 46(2)	1(11)	3	x = 10, 11
	++20	12 (60.00)	6	6 (50.00)	2x, 4x	14 = 22(6), 33(1), 40(3), 44(3), 46 (1)	——	——	x = 10, 11
6. Oenanthe L. (Perennial Herbs)	+40	18 (45.00)	14	4 (22.22)	2x, 4x, 6x	25 = 18(1), 20(5), 22(14), 42(1), 44 (3), 63(1)	1(11)	4	x = 10, 11
	++3	3 (100.00)	3	——	2x	6 = 20(5), 22(1)	——	——	x = 10
				——
7. Pimpinella L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+150	66 (44.00)	62	4 (6.06)	2x, 3x, 4x	95 = 16(4), 18(35), 20(35), 22(13), 24(1), 28(1), 36 (3), 40(3)	3(9), 2(10), 2(9, 10)	21	x = 8, 9, 10, 11
	++30	9 (30.00)	9	——	2x	13 = 18(6), 20(2), 22(5)	——	2	x = 9, 10, 11
8. Pleurospermum Hoffm. (perennial herbs, rarely biennial)	+50	8 (16.00)	6	1 (12.50)	2x, 3x, 4x	14 = 18(4), 22(7), 33(1), 44 (1), 50(1)	1(11)	3	x = 9, 11
	++14	3 (21.05)	3	——	2x	3 = 18 (1), 22(2)	——	——	x = 9, 11
9. Sanicula L. (perennial herbs, rarely biennials)	+40	28 (70.00)	26	2 (7.14)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	32 = 8(1), 16(26), 32(2), 48(1), 64(1)	2(8)	2	x = 4?, 8
	++3	2 (66.67)	1	1 (50.00)	2x, 4x	2 = 16 (1), 32(1)	1(8)	——	x = 8
10. Scandix L. (annual herbs)	+20	10 (50.00)	8	2 (20.00)	2x, 4x	15 = 14(2), 16(4), 18(2), 20(2), 22(1), 26(1), 32(1), 34(2)	——	5	x = 7, 8, (9, 10, 11)
	++2	1 (50.00)	1	——	2x, 4x	2 = 16(1), 26(1)	——	——	x = 8
11. Selenium L. (perennial herbs)	+8	8 (100.00)	8	——	2x	8 = 22(8)	——	——	x = 11
	++5	3 (60.00)	3	——	2x	3 = 22(3)	——	——	x = 11
12. Sium L. (perennial herbs)	+15	8 (53.34)	6	2 (25.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	15 = 12(5), 18(1), 20(2), 22(4), 24(1), 40 (1), 56 (1)	1(6)	4	x = 6, (9), 10, 11
	++1	1 (100.00)	—	1 (100.0)	2x, 4x	2 = 12(1), 24(1)	1(6)	——	x = 6
13. Vicatia DC. (perennial herbs)	+5	5 (100.00)	4	1 (20.00)	2x, 4x	8 = 20(1), 22(5), 44(2)	2(11)	1	x = 11
	++5	1 (20.00)	—	1 (100.00)	2x, 4x	2 = 22(1), 44(1)	1(11)	——	x = 11
Family, Balsaminaceae DC.
14. Impatiens L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+1000	280 (28.00)	200	80 (28.57)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 11x	337 = 6(2), 8(1), 10(7), 12 (28), 14(66), 15(1), 16 (78), 17(1), 18 (66), 19(2), 20(40), 24(4), 26(3), 28(18), 30(1), 32(1), 34(2), 36(4), 40(3), 44(1), 48(1), 50(2), 54(1), 56(2), 60(1), 66(1)	1(6), 5(7), 3(8), 1(9), 4(10)	34	x = 3?, 4?, (5), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
	++209	55 (26.31)	40	15 (27.27)	2x, 4x, 6x	97 = 6(2), 10(1), 12(4), 14(26), 16(32), 18(13), 20(10), 24(1), 26(1), 28(5), 36(1)	1(6)	22	x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
FAMILY, Berberidaceae Juss.
15. Berberis L. (shrubs)	+500	110 (22.00)	101	9 (8.18)	2x, 3x, 4x	110 = 28(100), 42(2), 56(8)	3(14)	2	x = 14
	++55	15 (27.27)	15	——	2x	15 = 28(15)	——	——	x = 14
Family, Brassicaceae Burn.
16. Arabidopsis Heynh. (annual or perennial herbs)	+15	15 (100.00)	9	6 (40.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	24 = 6(1), 10(1), 12(1), 14(2), 16(9), 18(1), 20(2), 22(1), 26(1), 32(5), 48(1)	1(5), 1(8)	2	x = 3?, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13
	++9	4 (44.44)	4	——	2x	6 = 10(1), 14(1), 16(3), 18(1)	——	——	x = 5, 7, 8, 9
17. Arabis L. (annual, biennial, or perennial herbs)	+180	110 (61.11)	70	40 (36.36)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	132 = 10(1), 12(1), 13(1), 14(30), 16(56), 18(1), 20(3), 21(9), 24(2), 28(11), 32(25), 48(2)	5(7), 10(8)	6	x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
	++9	7 (77.77)	4	3 (42.85)	2x, 3x, 4x	11 = 14(1), 16(4), 21(3), 28(1), 32(2)	1(7)	——	x = 7, 8
18. Barbarea W.T. Aiton (annual, biennial or perennial herbs)	+15	15 (100.00)	14	1 (6.66)	2x, 4x	23 = 14(1), 14–18(2), 16(18), 18(1), 32(1)	1 (8)	2	x = 8
	++3	2 (66.66)	1	1 (50.00)	2x, 4x	4 = 14(1), 16(2), 32(1)	1(8)	1	x = 8
19. Capsella Medik. (annual or biennial herbs)	+ 3(10)	10 (100.00)	6	4 (40.00)	2x, 4x, 5x	13 = 12(1), 16(8), 32(3), 40(1)	1(8)	2	x = 6, 8
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	1 (100.00)	2x, 4x	3 = 16(1), 32(1), 40(1)	1(8)	1	x = 8
20. Cardamine L. (annual, biennial or perennial herbs)	+200	86 (43.00)	28	58 (67.44)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, 12x, 14x, 18x	144 = 12(1), 14(2), 16(38), 17(1), 18(1), 20(1), 24(4), 28(4), 30(2), 32(23), 34(1), 36(3), 40(1), 42(4), 44(1), 48(15), 52–54(1), 54(1), 56(6), 60(1), 62(2), 64(11), 72(3), 80(6), 88(1), 90(1), 96(6), 100(1), 112(1), 144(1)	12(8)	14	x = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17,
	++14	4 (28.57)	1	3 (75.00)	2x, 4x, 8x	6 = 16(2), 32(3), 64(1)	1(8)	——	x = 8
21. Coronopus (L.) Sm. (annual or biennial herbs)	+10	6 (60.00)	6 (100.00)	——	2x	6 = 32(6)	——	——	x = 16
	++1	1 (100.00)	1 (100.00)	——	2x	1 = 32(1)	——	——	x = 16
22. Descurainia Webb & Berthel. (annual, perennial herbs or rarely shrubs)	+45	20 (44.44)	15	5 (25.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	30 = 14(19), 20(2), 28(5), 42(3), 56(1)	4(7)	1	x = 7, 10
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 20 (1)	——	——	x = 10
				——
23. Nasturtium W.T. Aiton (perennial herbs)	+5	5 (100.00)	0	5 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 12x	22 = 14–16(1), 16(1), 32(4), 33(1), 34(1), 36(2), 46(1), 48(1), 50(1), 52(2), 54(1), 56(1), 60(2), 64(1), 66 (1), 96(1)	1(8), 1(8, 11)	3	x = 8, 11
	++2	1 (50.00)	0	1 (100.00)	4x	3 = 16(1), 32(2)	1(8)	——	x = 8
24. Rorippa Scop. (annual, biennial or perennial herbs)	+90	31 (34.44)	8	23 (74.19)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x	52 = 12(1), 16(14), 24(4), 28(4), 32(14), 40(1), 41(1), 44(2), 48(5), 64(1)	7(8), 1(6)	4	x = 6, (7), 8
	++7	2 (28.57)	1	1 (50.00)	2x, 4x	3 = 16(2), 32(1)	1(8)	——	x = 8
25. Sisymbrium L. (annual, biennial or perennial herbs)	+96	40 (41.66)	25	15 (37.50)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	45 = 14(25), 16(3), 18(1), 20(1), 21(1), 22(1), 26(1), 28(6), 32 (1), 42(4), 56(1)	3(7)	1	x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13
	++7	3 (42.85)	1	2 (66.66)	2x, 4x, 8x	6 = 14(1), 21(1), 28(2), 42(1), 56(1)	1(7)	——	x = 7
26. Thlaspi L. (annual, biennial or perennial herbs)	+75	44 (58.66)	31	13 (29.54)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	52 = 14(34), 18(1), 24(1), 26(1), 28(7), 40(1), 42(3), 56(2), 70(1), 84(1)	4(7)	1	x = 7, (9, 12, 13)
	++5	1 (20.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 14(1)	——	——	x = 7
Family, Caesalpiniaceae R. Br.
27. Bauhinia L. (trees, shrubs or climbers)	+100	41 (41.00)	38	3 (7.31)	2x, 3x, 4x	59 = 12–20(1), 16(1), 18(2), 22(1), 24(3), 26 (9), 28(39), 32 (1), 42(1), 56(1)	2(14)	8	x = 8, 12, 13, 14
	++30	30 (100.00)	30	——	2x	30 = 16(1), 28(29)	——	——	x = 14
28. Casealpinia L.	+100	33 (33.00)	31	2 (6.06)	2x, 4x	34 = 22(3), 24(29), 44(1), 48(1)	1(12)	2	x = 11, 12
	++9	8 (88.88)	7	1 (12.50)	2x, 4x	10 = 22(2), 24(7), 44(1)	——	1	x = 11, 12
29. Cassia L. (trees, shrubs, herbs)	+600	153 (25.50)	32	121 (79.08)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	192 = 12(1), 14(13), 16(25), 20 (1), 22(1), 24(18), 26(13), 28(89), 30(1), 32(6), 42(6), 48(1), 52(2), 56(13), 60(1), 64(1)	4(6), 7(7), 8(8)	20	x = 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13,
	+35	35 (100.00)	5	30 (85.71)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	70 = 16(4), 24(10), 26(5), 28(45), 32(1), 48(1), 56(4)	1(6), 3(7), 1(8)	15	x = 6, 7, 8
Family, Caryophyllaceae Juss.
30. Arenaria L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+306	132 (43.13)	11	121 (91.66)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 16x, 20x	149 = 14(1), 16(1), 18(5), 20(19), 22(34), 24(3), 26(5), 28 (5), 29(1), 30(9), 31 (1), 34 (1), 36(1) 40(23), 44(17), 46(1), 52(1), 56 (1), 60(3), 64(1), 66(2), 78(1), 80(5), 88(1), 100(2), 120(2), 136 (1), 160(1), 200(1)	6(10), 3(11)	14	x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
	++24	2 (8.33)	1	1 (50.00)	2x, 4x	3 = 20(1), 26(1), 40(1)	1(10)	——	x = 10, 13
31. Cerastium L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+100	100 (100.00)	—–	100 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 14x, 16x, 18x	135 = 18(2), 30(2), 34(4), 36(45), 38(18), 40(1), 45(1), 46(1), 48(1), 54(4), 70(2), 72(32), 90(2), 108(5), 108–112(1), 126(2), 130–132(1), 144(9), 162(1)	19(9)	13	x = 9, 10, 17, 19
	++7	2 (28.57)	—	2 (100.00)	4x, 8x	2 = 40(1), 72(1)	——	——	x = 9, 10
32. Gypsophila L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+80	37 (46.25)	16	21 (56.75)	2x, 4x, 6x	55 = 12(1), 20(1), 24(1), 26(3), 30(2), 34(28), 36(7), 40(2), 48(1), 58(1), 68(8)	1(10), 4 (17)	9	x = 6, 10, 13, 15, 17
	++2	2 (100.00)	2	——	2x	2 = 30(1), 34(1)	——	1	x = 15, 17
33. Lychnis L. (perennial herbs)	+25	25 (100.00)	18	7 (28.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	30 = 24(22), 32(1), 33(1), 36(2), 48(3), 72(1)	1 (12)	1	x = 12
	++2	2 (100.00)	——	2 (100.00)	2x, 4x	3 = 24(1), 48(2)	1 (12)	——	x = 12
34. Silene L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+700	400 (57.14)	300	100 (25.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 16x, 19x, 22x, 26x	440 = 18 (2), 20(5), 24(340), 30(3), 36(1), 40(1), 46(1), 50(1), 48(70), 60(1), 72(2), 96(7), 120(1), 192(2), 228(1), 264(1), 312(1)	14(12), 2(10)	6	x = 9, 10, 12
	++28	6 (21.42)	3	3 (50.00)	2x, 4x	9 = 20(1), 24(5), 40(1), 48(2)	1(10), 1(12)	——	x = 10, 12
35. Stellaria L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+120	91 (75.83)	35	56 (61.53)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 18x	107 = 18(1) 20(2), 22(3), 24(3), 26(32), 28(16), 30(1), 32(1), 34(1), 36(3), 39(1), 40(3), 42(2), 44(3), 52(13), 56(1), 60(1), 72(2), 78(7), 80(1), 88(1), 91(2), 104(5), 130 (1), 198(1)	8(13)	24	x = 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
	++17	8 (47.05)	6	2 (25.00)	2x, 4x	9 = 26(6), 28(1), 40(1), 52(1)	——	——	x = 10, 13
Family, Crassulaceae J. St.–Hil.
36. Sedum L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+470	280 (59.57)	40	240 (85.71)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, 12x, 13x, 14x, 15x, 16x, 17x, 20x, 34x, 48x	335 = 8(1), 10(2), 12(6), 14(13), 16(28), 18(3), 20(2), 21(1), 22(13), 24(34), 26(3), 28(11), 29(1), 30(9), 32(16), 33(2), 34(3), 35(1), 36(9), 38(7), 40(12), 41(1), 44(8), 47(1), 50(4), 51(1), 52(8), 54(3), 56(9), 58(8), 60(11), 62(1), 64(17), 66(3), 68(19), 72(1), 70(3), 74(1), 76(1), 77(1), 80(6), 81(1), 82(1), 84(3), 88(2), 90(2), 94(1), 100(3), 102(2), 104(2), 108(4), 111(1), 114(1), 120(3), 122(1), 124(3), 128(6), 136(3), 140(2), 144(1), 148(1), 160(1), 164(1), 168(1), 180(1), 185(1), 200(1), 210(1), 384(1)	6(6), 10(5), 11(7), 14(8), 4(9)	49	x = 4?, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13
	++25	7 (28.00)	——	7 (100.00)	4x	7 = 28(2), 36(4), 38(1)	——	——	x = 7, 9
Family, Cucurbitaceae Juss.
37. Momordica L. (annual or perennial climbers)	+59	12 (20.33)	6	6 (50.00)	2x, 3x, 4x,	21 = 16(2), 22(8), 28(6), 33(1), 42(2), 56(2)	1(14)	——	x = 8, 11, 14
	++6	5 (83.33)	4	1 (20.00)	2x, 3x, 4x	7 = 22(3), 28(2), 42(1), 56(1)	1(14)	——	x = 11, 14
						42(1), 56(1)
Family, Fabaceae Lindl.
38. Aeschynomene L. (herbs or shrubs)	+150	23 (15.33)	17	6 (26.08)	2x, 3x, 4x, 8x	26 = 20 (17), 30(1), 36(1), 38(2), 40(4), 80(1)	——	2	x = 10
	++2	2 (100.00)	——	2 (100.00)	4x	2 = 36(1), 40(1)	——	1	x = 10
39. Alysicarpus Neck. ex Desv. (herbs)	+30	18 (60.00)	17	1 (5.55)	2x, 3x	22 = 16(18), 20(3), 32(1)	1(8)	3	x = 8, 10
	++15	15 (100.00)	14	1 (6.66)	2x, 4x	19 = 16(15), 20(3), 32(1)	1(8)	3	x = 8, 10
40.Argyrolobium Ecxl. & Zeyh. (herbs, rarely small shrubs)	+130	9 (6.92)	7	2 (28.56)	2x, 3x, 4x	9 = 26(2), 28(1), 30(1), 32(3), 48(2)	——	1	x = 13, 14, 15, 16
	++2	2 (100.00)	2	——–	2x	3 = 26(2), 28(1)	——	1	x = 13, 14
41. Astragalus L. (herbs and shrubs)	+3000	776 (25.86)	632	144 (18.55)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	808 = 12(1), 14(2), 16 (391), 22(123), 24(57), 26(30), 28(18), 30(10), 32(95), 36(1), 48(38), 60(1), 64(35), 80(1), 82(1), 90(1), 96(3)	35(8), 15(11)	18	x = (6), 7, 8, 11, 12, 13
	++90	32 (35.56)	32	——	2x	36 = 12(1), 16 (35)	——	——	x = 6, 8
42. Atylosia Wigh & Arn. (herbs and shrubs)	+35	15 (42.85)	15	——	2x	16 = 16(1), 22(15)	——	1	x = 8, 11
	++16	14 (87.50)	14	——	2x	14 = 22(14)	——	——	x = 11
43. Caragana Fabr. (trees or shrubs)	+80	46 (57.50)	38	8 (17.39)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	55 = 16(42), 18(3), 20(1), 24(1), 30(1), 32(6), 48(1)	3(8)	5	x = 8, 9, 10
	++10	2 (20.00)	2	——	2x	4 = 16(4)	——	——	x = 8
44. Crotalaria L. (herbs or shrubs)	+700	201 (28.71)	172	29 (14.42)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 16x	225 = 14(14), 16(173), 20(2), 32(30), 42(1), 48(1), 54(1), 64(2), 128(1)	1(7), 4(8)	12	x = 7, 8, 10
	++93 (111)	111 (100.00)	102	9 (8.10)	2x, 4x, 6x	122 = 14(6), 16(103), 20(2), 32(9), 42(1), 48(1)	4(8)	5	x = 7, 8, 10
45. Dalbergia L. (trees and shrubs)	+300	18 (6.00)	18	——	2x	18 = 20(18)	——	——	x = 10
	++25	11 (44.00)	11	——	2x	11 = 20(11)	——	——	x = 10
46. Desmodium Desv. (herbs, subshrubs or shrubs)	+300	107 (35.66)	105	2 (1.86)	2x, 4x	115 = 18(1), 20(3), 22(106), 24(2), 26(1), 44(2)	2(11)	4	x = 11
	++42	40 (95.23)	40	——	2x	91 = 18(1), 20(3), 22(85), 24(2)	——	1	x = 11
47. Dolichos L. herbs or shrubs	+60	16 (26.67)	16	——	2x	22 = 20(14), 21(1), 22(5), 24(2)	——	3	x = 10, 11, 12
	++7	4 (57.14)	4	——	2x	6 = 20(2), 22(2), 24(2)	——	2	x = 10, 11, 12
48. Flemingia Roxb. (in Ait.) (herbs or subshrubs)	+30	12 (40.00)	——	——	2x	12 = 18(1), 20(9), 22(2)	——	——	x = 9, 10, 11
	++26	5 (19.23)	——	——	2x	5 = 18(1), 22(4)	——	——	x = 9, 11
49. Hedysarum L. (herbs and shrubs)	+100	54 (54.00)	47	7 (12.96)	2x, 3x, 4x	67 = 14(22), 16(34), 17(1), 20(1), 21(1), 28(5), 32(2), 36(1)	2(7), 3(8)	3	x = 7, 8
	++9	3 (33.33)	3	—–	2x	3 = 14(2), 16(1)	——	——	x = 7, 8
50. Indigofera L. (herbs and shrubs)	+750	175 (25.00)	140	35 (23.34)	2x, 4x, 6x	190 = 8(1), 12(2), 14(6), 16(144), 24(1), 28(1), 32(25), 36(1), 48(9)	3(7), 15(8)	3	x = 4?, 6, 7, 8
	++71	71 (100.00)	57	14 (19.71)	2x, 4x, 6x	87 = 12(2), 14(6), 16(43), 24(1), 28(1), 32(24), 36(1), 48(9)	6(8)	——	x = 6, 7, 8
51. Lathyrus L. (annual herbs)	+160	120 (75.00)	111	9 (7.50)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	130 = 9(1), 12(1), 14(117), 15(1), 16(2), 21(1), 28(5), 42(1), 48(1)	6(7)	2	x = 6, 7
	++9	8 (88.89)	7	1 (12.50)	2x, 4x	10 = 14(8), 15(1), 28(1)	1(7)	1	x = 7
52. Lespedeza Michx. (shrubs)	+40	40 (100.00)	37	3 (7.50)	2x, 4x	54 = 18(12), 20(24), 22(12), 36(1), 40(2), 42(2), 44(1)	1(10)	11	x = 9, 10, 11
	++15	6 (40.00)	4	2 (40.00)	2x, 4x	8 = 18(1), 20(2), 22(3), 40(2)	——	——	x = 9, 10, 11
53. Lotus L. (annual or perennial, herbs or semi shrubs)	+125	125 (100.00)	89	36 (28.80)	2x, 4x, 6x	147 = 10(2), 12(32), 14(74), 24(19), 28(18), 32(1), 36(1)	3(6), 12(7)	1	x = 5, 6, 7
	++3	1 (33.33)	——	1 (100.00)	2x	2 = 12(1), 24 (1)	1(6)	——	x = 6
54. Lupinus L. (herbs or shrubs)	+275	118 (42.90)	11	107 (90.67)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x	143 = 14(2), 18(1), 24(1), 32(6), 34(2), 36(19), 38(3), 40(7), 42(4), 44(1), 46(1), 48(71), 50(8), 52(5), 54(1), 56(1), 96(8), 100(1), 104(1)	6(12)	12	x = 7, 9, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26
	++3	3 (100.00)	——	3 (100.00)	4x	3 = 48(3)	——	——	x = 12
55. Medicago L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+87 (134)	134 (100.00)	98	36 (26.86)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	174 = 14(18), 16(104), 18(5), 28(3), 30(2), 32(38), 36(1), 48(2), 64(1)	18 (8)	19	x = 7, 8, 9
	++12	12 (100.00)	11	1 (8.30)	2x, 4x	17 = 14(3), 16(12), 32(2)	——	3	x = 7, 8
56. Melilotus (L.) Mill. (annual or biennial herbs)	+20 (31)	31 (100.00)	30	1 (3.22)	2x, 3x, 4x	34 = 16(31), 24(1), 32(1), 36(1)	1(8)	——	x = 8
	++3	3 (100.00)	3	——	2x	3 = 16(3)	——	——	x = 8
57. Oxytropis DC. (annual or perennial herbs)	+300	165 (55.00)	76	89 (53.93)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	173 = 16(79), 24(1), 28(2), 32(40), 36(2), 48(33), 53(1), 64(7), 80(2), 96(6)	21(8)	2	x = 8
	++14	3 (21.42)	3	——	2x	3 = 16(3)	——	——	x = 8
58. Parochetus Buch.–Ham. ex D. Don (perennial herbs)	+1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 16(1)	——	——	x = 8
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	1 = 16(1)	——	——	x = 8
59. Pueraria DC. (woody climber)	++20	6 (30.00)	5	1 (16.67)	2x, 4x	12 = 20(1), 22(5), 24(3), 32(1), 40(1), 44(1)	——	4	x = 10, 11, 12, 16
	++7	1 (14.28)	1	——	2x	1 = 22(1)	——	——	x = 11
60. Rhynchosia Lour. (climbing, prostrate herbs or subshrubs)	+150	50 (33.33)	50	——	2x	50 = 22(47), 24(3)	——	——	x = 11, 12
	++22	15 (68.18)	15	——	2x	15 = 22(13), 24(2)	——	——	x = 11, 12
61. Sesbania Scop. (trees, shrubs or herbs)	+55	37 (67.27)	28	9 (24.32)	2x, 4x	43 = 11(1), 12(20), 13(1), 14(6), 16(1), 18(1), 23(1), 24(10), 28(1), 32(1)	1(6), 1(7), 1(8)	7	x = 6, 7, 8
	++11	11 (100.00)	5	6 (54.54)	2x, 4x	21 = 12(8), 13(2), 14(3), 16(1), 24(6), 28(1)	2(6), 1(7)	3	x = 6, 7, 8
62. Tephrosia Pers. (herbs or shrubs)	+300	47 (15.67)	45	2 (4.25)	2x, 4x	53 = 22(45), 24(3), 26(1), 32(2), 44(2)	2(11)	1	x = 11, 12, 13, 16
	++25	24 (96.00)	22	2 (8.33)	2x, 4x	29 = 22(24), 24(3), 44(2)	2(11)	1	x = 11, 12
63. Trifolium L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+250	230 (92.00)	183	47 (20.43)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 16x, 21x, 22x	335 = 8(1), 10(7), 12(7), 14(47), 15(1), 16(169), 20(1), 21(1), 24(2), 28(4), 30(1), 32(56), 40(1), 48(15), 50(1), 56(2), 64(1), 76(1), 78(1), 79(1), 80(2), 82(1), 84(1), 86(1), 96(1), 98(1), 126(2), 128(1), 130(3), 168(1), 180(1)	2(6), 6(7), 15(8)	34	x = 4?, 5, 6, 7, 8
	++10	9 (90.00)	7	2 (22.22)	2x, 4x, 6x	14 = 16(10), 30(1), 32(3)	3(8)	1	x = 5, 8
64. Trigonella L. (annual herbs)	+135	46 (34.45)	39	7 (15.21)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	68 = 16(41), 17(1), 18(2), 21(1), 24(2), 28(2), 30(3), 31(1), 32(5), 44(7), 48(3)	2(7), 4(8)	4	x = 7, 8, 9, 11
	++7 (22)	22 (100.00)	17	5 (22.72)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	30 = 16(20), 17(1), 18(1), 24(2), 30(2), 32(3), 44(1)	2(7), 4(8)	3	x = 7, 8, 9
65. Uraria Desv. (perennial herbs or shrubs)	+35	8 (22.85)	8	——	2x	9 = 16(1), 20(2), 22(6)	——	1	x = 8, 10, 11
	++10	6 (60.00)	6	——	2x	7 = 16(1), 20(2), 22(4)	——	1	x = 8, 10, 11
66. Vicia L. (annual or perennial herb)	+190	190 (100.00)	168	22 (11.57)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	232 = 10(19), 12(63), 13(1), 14(122), 16(1), 21(1), 22(2), 23(1), 24(13), 25(1), 26(1), 27(1), 28(1), 30(1), 36(1), 42(1), 48(1), 56(1)	2(5), 2(6), 8(7)	28	x = 5, 6, 7
	++15 (40)	40 (100.00)	33	7 (17.50)	2x, 4x	41 = 12(11), 14(23), 20(2), 24(2), 28(3)	——	2	x = 5, 6, 7
67. Zornia Gmel. (annual or perennial herbs)	+80	13 (16.25)	13	—	2x	15 = 20(12), 22(3)	——	3	x = 10, 11
	++2	1 (50.00)	1	—	2x	2 = 20(1), 22(1)	——	1	x = 10, 11
Family, Fumariaceae Marquis
68. Corydalis DC. (perennial herbs)	+400	100 (25.00)	75	25 (25.00)	2x, 4x, 5x, 8x, 16x, 18x	118 = 10(3), 12(5), 12–14(1), 14(1), 16(81), 24(3), 28(6), 32(13), 40(2), 56(1), 130(1), 150(1)	1(7), 6(8)	9	x = 5, 6, 7, 8
	++53	5 (9.43)	5	——	2x	5 = 16(5)	——	——	x = 8
69. Fumaria L. (perennial herbs)	+50(58)	58 (100.00)	6	52 (89.65)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 10x, 12x, 14x	77 = 12(1), 14(3), 16(6), 28(5), 32(20), 40(1), 48(13), 56(5), 64(8), 70(1), 72(2), 75(2), 80(6), 84(1), 96(1), 112 (2)	1(6), 1(8)	8	x = 6, 7, 8
	++4	1 (25.00)	——	1 (100.00)	2x, 6x	3 = 12(1), 16(1), 48(1)	1(8)	——	x = 6, 8
Family, Geraniaceae Juss.
70. Geranium L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+300	123 (41.00)	60	63 (51.21)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	144 = 18(2), 20 (1), 22(1), 24(5), 25(1), 26(15), 28(58), 30 (6), 32(3), 34(1), 36(1), 39(1), 40 (1), 46(5), 52(17), 54(2), 56(13), 60 (1), 64(2), 82(1), 84(2), 92(1), 112(2), 128(2)	1(10), 3(13), 6(14), 2(23)	6	x = 9, 10, (11), 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23
	++27	15 (55.56)	6	9 (60.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	23 = 18(1), 24(3), 26(6), 28(6), 30(3), 32(1), 34(1), 56(1), 82(1)	——	1	x = 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
71. Pelargonium L’Hér. Ex Aiton (annual or perennial herbs)	+250	200 (80.00)	164	36 (18.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 10x, 14x	268 = 8(1), 14(1), 15(1), 16(10), 18(32), 20(19), 22(100), 24(1), 30(5), 32(12), 33(2), 34(6), 36(10), 40(15), 44(28), 54(6), 55(1), 66(10), 77(4), 88(1), 90(1), 154(2)	12(9), 14(11)	7	x = 4?, (7), 8, 9, 10, 11, (12), 15
	++13	1 (7.69)	——	1 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	17 = 18(5), 20(3), 24(1), 30(1), 34(1), 54(6)	1(9), 1(10)	3	x = 9, 10, 12, 15
FAMILY, Hypericaceae Juss.
72. Hypericum L. (trees, shrubs or perennial to annual herbs)	+460	150 (32.60)	100	50 (33.33)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x,	170 = 8(2), 14(7), 16(59), 18(48), 20(4), 20–22(1), 23(1), 24(11), 28(4), 28–30(1), 30(1), 32(12), 36(5), 38(1), 40(6), 42(1), 46(1), 48(3), 52(1), 54(1)	1(7), 4(8)	13	x = 4?, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19
	++25	13 (52.00)	10	3 (23.07)	2x, 4x, 6x	20 = 14(4), 16(2), 18(2), 20(5), 24(1), 32(2), 36(2), 42(1), 46(1)	3	3	x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 12
Family, Malvaceae Juss.
73. Abelmoschus Medik. (annual to perennial herbs)	+15	8 (53.33)	——	8 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 7x	25 = 36(1), 40(1), 58(3), 65(3), 66(3), 72(5), 97(1), 98(1), 108(1), 120(2), 130(3), 132(1)	——	4	x = 18, 20
	++6	6 (100.00)	——	6 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 7x	17 = 36(1), 58(3), 65(3), 66(2), 72(2), 97(1), 120(1), 130(3), 132(1)	——	4	x = 18, 20
74. Abutilon Mill. (perennial herbs to shrubs)	+150	82 (54.66)	50	32 (39.02)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	98 = 14(31), 16(23), 21(4), 28(6), 32(1), 36(4), 42(27), 56(1), 72(1)	9(7), 5(8)	——	x = 7, 8, 9
	++12	9 (75.00)	2	7 (77.77)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	11 = 14(1), 32(1), 36(1), 42(7), 72(1)	2(8)	——	x = 7, 8, 9
75. Lavatera L. (herbs or shrubs)	+45	16 (35.56)	8	8 (50.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x	31 = 14(1), 28(1), 40(4), 42(9), 43(1), 44(10), 46(1), 84(1), 88(1), 112(2)	1(22)	2	x = 7, 10, 11
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	——	4x, 6x	3 = 28(1), 42(1), 44(1)	——	——	x = 7, 11
76. Malvastrum A. Gray (perennials herbs or undershrubs)	+ (14) 37	37 (100.00)	26	11 (29.72)	2x, 4x	38 = 24(13), 30(4), 32(4), 34(7), 36(1), 42(5), 44(2), 48(2)	1(12)	2	x = 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22
	++2	2 (100.00)	2	——	2x	2 = 24(2)	——	——	x = 12
77. Malva L. (annual to perennial herbs or undershrubs)	+30	20 (66.67)	10	10 (50.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	31 = 24(1), 36(1), 40(1), 40–42(1), 40–44(1), 42(13), 76(3), 78(1), 84(5), 112(2), 126(2)	1(21)	2	x = 12, 18, 20, 21
	++8	2 (25.00)	2	——	2x	2 = 42(2)	——	——	x = 21
78. Sida L. (annual or perennial herbs, undershrubs or shrubs)	+150	85 (56.00)	40	45 (52.94)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	104 = 12(2), 14(32), 16(16), 18(1), 20(1), 22(1), 28(31), 32(14), 34(1), 42(3), 56(2)	2(7)	4	x = 6, 7, 8, 9
	++9	8 (88.88)	1	7 (87.50)	2x, 4x	14 = 14(4), 16(1), 18(1), 28(5), 32(3)	2(7)	1	x = 7, 8, 9
79. Urena L. (perennials herbs, under shrubs or shrubs)	+6	3 (50.00)	——	3 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 8x	5 = 14(1), 28(3), 56(1)	1(7)	——	x = 7
	++2	2 (100.00)	——	2 (100.00)	4x, 8x	3 = 28(2), 56(1)	1(7)	——	x = 7
Family, Mimosaceae R. Br.
80. Acacia Mill. (trees, shrubs, rarely herbs)	+900	163 (18.11)	123	40 (24.53)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 16x	171 = 26(125), 28(1), 38(1), 39(2), 40(1), 44(1), 52(35), 78(2), 104(2), 208(1)	8(13)	2	x = 13, (14, 19, 20)
	++25	23 (92.00)	18	5 (21.73)	2x, 4x, 8x	29 = 26(22), 44(1), 52(5), 104(1)	2(13)	——	x = 13
81. Albizia Durazz (trees or shrubs)	+145	35 (24.11)	31	4 (11.42)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	36 = 26(33), 52(1), 78(1), 104(1)	1(13)	——	x = 13
	++14	10 (71.42)	10	——	2x	10 = 26(10)	——	——	x = 13
82. Leucaena Benth. (trees or shrubs)	+50	23 (46.00)	—–	23 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 8x	35 = 26(1), 28(1), 52(12), 56(12), 104(6), 112(3)	1(13)	—–	x = 13, 14
	++2	2 (100.00)	—–	2 (100.00)	4x, 8x	2 = 56(1), 104(1)	—–	—–	x = 13, 14
83. Mimosa L. (trees, shrubs or herbs)	+530	67 (12.64)	52	15 (22.38)	2x, 4x, 8x	67 = 24(2), 26(50), 28(1), 32(1), 40(1), 48(1), 52(10), 104(1)	1(12), 2(13)	3	x = 12, 13, 14, 16, (20)
	++8	5 (62.50)	3	2 (40.00)	2x, 4x	7 = 24(1), 26(3), 40(1), 48(1) 52(1)	—–	—–	x = 10, 12, 13
84. Prosopis L. (trees or shrubs)	+45	40 (68.89)	35	5 (12.50)	2x, 4x, 8x	51 = 26(3), 28(38), 52(2), 54(1), 56(6), 112(1)	1(13), 3(14)	2	x = 13, 14
	++3	3 (100.00)	2	1 (33.33)	2x, 4x	5 = 26(2), 28(1), 52(1), 56(1)	1(13, 14)	1	x = 13, 14
Family, Onagraceae Juss.
85. Circaea L. (perennial herbs)	+8	8 (100.00)	8	—–	2x	9 = 22(8), 23(1)	——	1	x = 11
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	—	2x	2 = 22(2)	——	——	x = 11
86. Epilobium L. (perennial herbs)	+170	140 (82.35)	128	12 (8.57)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x	148 = 18(4), 20(1), 24(1), 26(3), 30(1), 32(1), 36(131), 54(2), 72(3), 108(1)	4(9)	1	x = 9, 10, (12), 13, (16)
	++30	10 (33.33)	8	2 (20.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	13 = 18(1), 36(10), 54(1), 72 (1)	2(9)	——	x = 9
87. Oenothera L. (annual, biennial, or perennial herbs)	+(125) 247	247 (100.00)	212	35 (14.17)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	278 = 12(1), 14(228), 15(9), 21(5), 28(28), 30(1), 42(6)	16(7)	7	x = 7
	++10	5 (50.00)	5	—	2x	5 = 14(5)	——	——	x = 7
Family, Oxalidaceae R. Br.
88. Oxalis L. (annual, or perennial herbs)	+500	123 (24.60)	75	48 (39.02)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x	129 = 10(14), 12(17), 14(19), 16(11), 18(11), 20(2), 24(11), 25(1), 28(19), 30(1), 32(2), 34(1), 36(6), 40(1), 42(6), 44(2), 48(1), 54(1), 56(1), 64(1), 80(1)	5(7)	9	x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
	++10	5 (50.00)	2	3 (60.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	8 = 14(4), 24(1), 28(2), 44(1)	1(7)	1	x = 6, 7
Familly, Papaveraceae Juss.
89. Argemone L. (annual, or perennial herbs)	+24	20 (83.34)	——	20 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x	32 = 14(1), 28(16), 29(1), 56(10), 58(1), 84(1), 112(2)	8(7)	2	x = 7
	++3	3 (100.00)	2	1 (33.33)	2x, 4x, 8x, 16x	5 = 14(1), 28(2), 56(1), 112(1)	2(7)	1	x = 7
90. Meconopsis Vig. (perennial herbs)	+50	24 (48.00)	1	23 (95.83)	2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x	34 = 14(1), 22(2), 28(5), 32(1), 56(13), 74(1), 76(2), 80(1), 82(2), 84(3), 118(1), 120(1), 164(1)	2(7)	2	x = 7, (11)
	++16	2 (12.50)	——	2 (100.00)	2x, 8x	3 = 14(1), 56(2)	——	——	x = 7
91. Papaver L. (annual, biennials or perennial herbs)	+100	86 (86.00)	37	49 (57.97)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	111 = 12(2), 14(42), 18(1), 22(2), 23(1), 25(1), 28(31), 32(1), 36(1), 42(19), 44(1), 56(5), 70(2), 70–72(1), 84(1)	15(7)	5	x = 6, 7, 9, 11
	++9	6 (66.67)	——	6 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x	14 = 14(3), 18(1), 22(1), 23(1), 25(1), 28(4), 32(1), 36(1), 44(1)	2(7)	2	x = 7, 9, 11
Family, Podophyllaceae DC.
92. Podophyllum L. (perennial herbs)	+10	8 (80.00)	5	3 (37.50)	2x, 3x, 4x	10 = 12(7), 16(1), 24(1), 32(1)	2(6)	2	x = 6, 8
	++2	2 (100.00)	—–	2 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x	3 = 12(1), 24(1), 32(1)	1(6)	——	x = 6, 8
Family, Ranunculaceae Juss.
93. Aconitum L. (perennial or biennial herbs)	+300	181 (60.33)	104	77 (42.54)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	197 = 16(106), 17(1), 20(1), 24(5), 26(1), 30(1), 32(72), 34(1), 40(1), 46(1), 48(3), 52(1), 64(3)	11(8)	6	x = 8, 10, 12, 13, 17
	++27	12 (44.44)	6	6 (50.00)	2x, 4x	15 = 16(8), 32(2), 34(1), 40(1), 46(1), 48(1), 52(1)	——	——	x = 8, 10, 12, 13
94. Anemone L. (perennial herbs)	+150	126 (84.00)	94	32 (25.39)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	187 = 10(1), 14(34), 16(75), 20(1), 21(2), 24(11), 26(1), 28(6), 30(2), 32(35), 34(1), 37(1), 40(2), 42(1), 46(1), 45(1), 48(11), 64(1)	8(7), 15(8)	3	x = 5, 7, 8, 12
	++17	5 (29.41)	4	1 (20.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	14 = 10(1), 14(4), 16(2), 24(3), 26(1), 28(1), 34(1), 48(1)	1(7)	3	x = 5, 7, 8, 12
95. Aquilegia L. (perennial herbs)	+75	72 (96.00)	69	3 (4.16)	2x, 4x	85 = 14(67), 16(10), 18(3), 20(1), 28(3), 32(1)	2(7)	2	x = 7, 8, 9
	++5	3 (60.00)	3	——	2x	3 = 14(3)	——	——	x = 7
96. Caltha L. (perennial herbs)	+10 (23)	23 (100.00)	4	19 (82.60)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x	66 = 16(4), 24(2), 28(3), 32(11), 33(1), 34(1), 38(1), 40(2), 44(1), 48(9), 52(2), 54(1), 55(1), 56(9), 57(1), 58(3), 60(7), 61(1), 63(1), 64(3), 72(1), 120(1)	8(8)	9	x = 8, 10, 12, 14
	++2	2 (100.00)	1	1 (50.00)	4x, 6x, 8x	5 = 32(2), 40(1), 48(1), 64(1)	1(8)	1	x = 7, 8, 10
97. Clematis L. (perennial herbs, subshrubs, rarely erect shrubs).	+250	129 (51.60)	116	13 (10.07)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	137 = 16(111), 26(1), 32(8), 42(1), 48(12), 50(1), 49(1), 64(2)	3(8)	4	x = 8
	++32	20 (62.50)	15	5 (25.00)	2x, 6x, 8x	26 = 16(16), 42(1), 48(6), 50(1), 64(2)	3(8)	1	x = 8
98. Delphinium L. (Herbs perennial, rarely biennial or annual).	+200	172 (86.00)	145	27 (15.69)	2x, 3x, 4x	197 = 16(145), 18(1), 20(1), 24(9), 32(41)	18(8)	4	x = 8
	++24	9 (37.50)	7	2 (22.22)	2x, 3x, 4x	16 = 16(8), 20(1), 24(2), 32(5)	2(8)	2	x = 8
99. Nigella L. (annual herbs)	+20	20 (100.00)	19	1 (5.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 16x	28 = 12(19), 14(4), 24(1), 36(1), 48(1), 60(1), 96(1)	1(6)	2	x = 6, 7
	++4	4 (100.00)	3	1 (25.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 16x	11 = 12(4), 14(2), 24(1), 36(1), 48(1), 60(1), 96(1)	1(6)	2	x = 6, 7
100. Ranunculus L. (annual or perennial herbs)	+600	354 (59.00)	232	122 (34.46)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 18x	461 = 14(22), 16(190), 24(20), 26(1), 28(19), 32(122), 33(1), 34(1), 40(14), 42(1), 48(54), 56(1), 64(6), 96(7), 128(1), 144(1)	17(7), 28(8)	20	x = 7, 8
	++33	20 (60.06)	15	5 (25.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	32 = 14(3), 16(3), 24(2), 28(3), 32(10), 40(2), 42(1), 46(1), 48(2), 56(4), 64(1)	3(8)	5	x = 7, 8
101. Thalictrum L. (perennial herbs)	+190	102 (53.68)	28	74 (72.54)	2x, 4x, 6x, 10x, 11x, 12x, 19x, 20x, 22x, 24x	159 = 12(1), 14(35), 16(4), 24(2), 28(33), 35(2), 40(1), 42(34), 54(1), 56(25), 70(6), 77(1), 80(1), 80–84(1), 82(1), 84(4), 100(1), 133(1), 140(1), 148(1), 154(2), 168(1)	15(7)	5	x = 6, 7, 8
	++21	8 (38.09)	6	2 (25.00)	2x, 4x, 6x	11 = 14(7), 16(1), 28(2), 42(1)	2 (7)	1	x = 7, 8
Family, Rhamnaceae Juss.
102. Ziziphus Mill. (trees or shrubs)	+170	19 (11.17)	13	6 (31.57)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	32 = 20(1), 22(2), 24(14), 26(1), 36(1), 40(1), 48(3), 60(1), 72(4), 86(1), 94(1), 96(2)	4(12)	4	x = 10, 11, 12, (13)
	++17	9 (52.94)	4	5 (55.55)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	10 = 20(1), 24(6), 36(1), 48(1), 72(1)	3(12)	1	x = 10, 12
Family, Rosaceae Juss.
103. Agrimonia L. (perennial herbs)	+19	12 (63.15)	—	12 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x	18 = 28(6), 42(2), 56(8), 70(1), 84(1)	1(14)	——	x = 14
	++2	1 (50.00)	—	1 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x	6 = 28(2), 42(1), 56 (1), 70(1), 84(1)	1(14)		x = 14
104. Alchemilla L. (perennial herbs)	+1000	119 (11.90)	—	119 (100.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 8x, 9x, 12x, 13x, 14x, 15x, 16x, 18x, 19x, 22x, 28x	133 = 16(1), 32(1), 34(6), 51(15), 64(6), 68(17), 72(1), 80(1), 90(1), 93(1), 96(3), 97(1), 100(4), 104(1), 106(1), 107(1), 110(2), 112(1), 120(1), 128(1), 140(1), 144(1), 145(1), 156(1), 224(1)	1(8), 9(17)	5	x = 8, 10, 17
						2n Chromosome number range, 64–88(1), 64–68(1), 64–75(3), 66–76(2), 66–100(1), 70–74(1), 70–82(1), 74–98(1), 76–84(1), 80–92(1), 86–96(3), 84–102(2), 87–102(2), 90–102(4), 92–95(1), 95–107(1), 96–98(1), 96–104(3), 97–123(1), 98–105(3), 98–108(2), 90–109(2), 94–108(1), 100–106(1), 102–108(3), 104–106(1), 108–126(1), 100–110(4), 100–116(1), 100–165(1), 109–114(1), 109–118(1), 120–132(1), 128–140(1), 131–141(1), 149–160(1), 162–170(2), 114–120(1), 145–156(2), 167–176(1)
	++3	2 (66.66)	—	2 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 15x, 16x, 28x	9 = 16(1), 32(1), 34(1), 96(1), 102–110(1), 120(1), 128(1), 140(1), 224(1)	2 (8)	1	x = 8, 17
105. Cotoneaster Medik. (shrubs, rarely small trees)	+260	120 (46.15) (	24	96 (80.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x	152 = 32(2), 34(24), 51(37), 64(1), 68(86), 85(1), 102(1)	24(17)	1	x = 16, 17
	++11	7 (63.63)	3	4 (57.14)	2x, 3x, 4x	11 = 34(7), 51(2), 68(1), 102(1)	2(17)	——	x = 17
106. Filipendula Mill. (perennial herbs)	+20	10 (50.00)	6	4 (40.00)	2x, 4x	13 = 14(4), 16(2), 15–16(1), 18(1), 28(5),	——	1	x = 7, 8
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	2 = 14(1), 18(1)	——	1	x = 7
107. Geum L. (perennial herbs)	+70	51 (72.85)	14	37 (72.54)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	56 = 14(1), 21(2), 28(6), 42(31), 56(3), 70(7), 84(6)	3(7)	——	x = 7
	++3	2 (66.66)	——	2 (100.00)	4x, 6x, 8x, 10x	4 = 28(1), 42(1), 56(1), 70(1)	2(7)	——	x = 7
108. Fragaria L. (perennial herbs)	+ 20 (48)	48 (100.00)	29	19 (39.58)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	65 = 14(29), 21(1), 28(9), 35(3), 42(5), 56(15), 70 (1), 83(1), 84(1)	7 (7)	3	x = 7
	++4	4 (100.00)	——	4 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x	7 = 14(1), 28(1), 35(1), 42(1), 56(1), 70 (1), 83(1), 84(1)	1 (7)	——	x = 7
109. Potentilla L. (perennials, rarely annual herbs or shrubs)	+500	168 (33.60)	49	120 (71.05)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 10x, 11x, 12x, 14x, 16x	292 = 10(1), 12(1), 14(59), 18(1), 20(3), 21(5), 28 (65), 33(1), 34(2), 35(16), 36(1), 38(1), 39(2), 42(44), 44(1), 49(8), 48–49(1), 49 –50 (1), 54–56(1), 56(29), 62(1), 63(8), 64(4), 70(8), 74(3), 77(3), 81(2), 83(1), 84(7), 84–86(1), 85(5), 91(2), 98(3), 112(1)	30(7)	5	x = 7
	++40	17 (42.50)	3	14 (82.35)	2x, 4x, 5x, 6x	21 = 14(7), 18(1), 28(8), 34(1), 42(1), 56(3)	10(7)	1	x = 7
110. Prinsepia Royle (shrubs)	+5	3 (60.00)	3	—–	2x	4 = 28(1), 32(3)	——	1	x = 14, 16
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	—–	2x	2 = 28(1), 32(1)	——	1	x = 14, 16
111. Pyrus L. (trees or shrubs)	+ 25 (67)	67 (100.00)	61	6 (8.95)	2x, 3x, 4x	76 = 34(61), 42(2), 43(2), 51(7), 68(4)	8(17)	2	x = 17, 21
	++5	4 (80.00)	2	2 (50.00)	2x, 4x	4 = 34(2), 68(2)	2(17)	——	x = 17
112. Rosa L. (erect or climbing shrubs)	+ 200 (333)	333 (100.00)	135	198 (59.45)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 10x	379 = 12(1), 14(143), 16(1), 21(12), 24(1), 28(104), 35(66), 42(42), 49(1), 54(1), 56(5), 62(1), 70 (1)	42(7)	5	x = 6, 7
	++10	5 (50.00)	3	2 (40.00)	2x, 4x	7 = 14(5), 28(2)	2(7)	——	x = 7
113. Rubus L. (shrubs or subshrubs)	+750	560 (74.66)	300	260 (46.42)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 12x, 14x	569 = 14(110), 21(30), 24(1), 28(285), 35(74), 42(53), 49(1), 56(10), 63(2), 84(2), 98(1)	35(7)	1	x = 7
	++50	10 (20.00)	5	5 (50.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	10 = 14(4), 21(2), 28(2), 42(1), 56(1)	3(7)	——	x = 7
114. Sorbaria (Ser.) A.Braun (shrubs)	+9	9 (100.00)	1	8 (88.88)	2x, 4x	10 = 18(2), 34(4), 36(4)	1(9)	——	x = 9, 17
	++2	1 (50.00)	1	—	2x	1 = 18(1)	——	——	x = 9
115. Sibbaldia L. (perennial herbs)	+20	6 (30.00)	4	3 (42.85)	2x, 4x, 8x	6 = 14(3), 28(2), 56(1)	1(7)	——	x = 7
	++3	2 (66.67)	——	2 (100.00)	2x, 4x, 8x	3 = 14(1), 28(1), 56(1)	1(7)	——	x = 7
116. Spiraea L. (shrubs)	+70	68 (97.14)	31	37 (53.62)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x	83 = 14(1), 16(1), 18(39), 20(1), 24(1), 27(3), 34(1), 32(1), 36(28), 45(1), 54(3), 72(2)	7(9)	3	x = 8, 9
	++10	9 (90.00)	8	1 (11.11)	2x, 4x	10 = 18(8), 36(2)	2(9)	——	x = 9
Family, Rutaceae
117. Boenninghausenia Rchb.ex Meisn. (perennial herbs)	+1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	2 = 18(1), 20(1)	——	1	x = 9, 10
	++1	1 (100.00)	1	——	2x	2 = 18(1), 20(1)	——	1	x = 9, 10
118. Murraya J. König ex L. (shrubs or trees)	+12	3 (25.00)	2	1 (33.33)	2x, 12x	4 = 18(3), 108(1)	1(9)	——	x = 9
	++2	2 (100.00)	2	——	2x	2 = 18(2)	——	——	x = 9
Family, Saxifragaceae Juss.
119. Bergenia Moench (perennial herbs)	+30	5 (16.66)	5	——	2x	5 = 34(5)	——	——	x = 17
	++3	1 (33.33)	1	——	2x	1 = 34(1)	——	——	x = 17
120. Saxifraga L. (herbs perennial, rarely annual or biennial).	+440	250 (56.81)	40	209 (83.60)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 14x, 20x, 22x	273 = 10(1), 12(3), 13(1), 14(1), 16(26), 18(3), 20(15), 22(12), 23(1), 24(8), 26(38), 27(2), 28(34), 30(9), 32(21), 36(3), 38(6), 39(2), 40(10), 42(1), 44(7), 46(1), 48(6), 50(1), 52(12), 56(12), 58(1), 60(5), 62(1), 63(1), 64(7), 66(2), 70(3), 76(1), 78(1), 80(6), 84(1), 90(1), 92(1), 112(3), 120(1), 124(1), 206– 220(1)	1(7), 8(8), 2(10), 3(13)	50	x = (5), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13
	++50	8 (16.00)	6	2 (25.00)	2x, 4x	11 = 16(8), 20(1), 32(2)	1(8)	1	x = 8, 10
Family, Tamaricaceae Link.
121. Myricaria Desv. (shrubs, rarely subshrubs)	+13	3 (23.07)	3	——	2x	3 = 24(3)	——	——	x = 12
	++3	1 (33.33)	1	——	2x	1 = 24(1)	——	——	x = 12
Family, Tiliaceae Juss.
122. Corchorus L (herbs or subshrubs)	+100	25 (25.00)	12	13 (52.00)	2x, 3x, 4x	29 = 14(14), 15(1), 16(1), 18(1), 21(1), 28(5), 36(6)	1(7)	2	x = 7, 8, 9
	++8	8 (100.00)	5	3 (60.00)	2x, 4x	15 = 14(10), 15(1), 16(1), 28(3),	1(7)	2	x = 7, 8
123. Grewia L. (trees or shrubs)	+280	26 (9.28)	21	5 (19.23)	2x, 3x, 4x	27 = 18(21), 27(1), 36(5)	1(9)	——	x = 9
	++42	17 (40.47)	13	4 (23.52)	2x, 3x, 4x	17 = 18(13), 27(1), 36(3)	1(9)	——	x = 9
124. Triumfetta L. (herbs, rarely subshrubs, annuals or perennials)	+150	13 (8.66)	1	12 (92.30)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 10x	21 = 16(6), 20(1), 32(9), 46(1), 48(2), 64(1), 82(1)	2(8)	1	x = 8, (10)
	++8	5 (62.50)	1	4 (80.00)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	8 = 16(6), 32(1), 64(1)	1(8)	1	x = 8
Family, Violaceae Batsch.
125. Viola L. (herbs perennial or biennial, rarely subshrubs)	+525	390 (74.28)	150	240 (61.53)	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 12x, 16x	444 = 4(1), 8(1), 10(12), 12(31), 14(4), 16(16), 17(1), 18(12), 19(5), 20(88), 22(11), 23(1), 24(75), 25(1), 26(12), 27(1), 30(1), 33(1), 34(19), 35(1), 36(10), 40(39), 42(4), 43(1), 44(7), 46(1), 47(1), 48(35), 50(2), 52(10), 54(26), 56(2), 58(1), 59(1), 64(1), 68(1), 72(3), 82(1), 85(1), 86(1), 96(2)	7(5), 18(6)	37	x = 2?, 4?, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17
	++35	11 (31.42)	6	5 (45.45)	2x, 4x, 6x, 8x	15 = 12(7), 14(1), 18(3), 20(1), 40(1), 44(1), 48(1)	——	1	x = 5, 6, 8, 9, 11
Family, Vitaceae Juss.
126. Parthenocissus Planch. (shrubby deciduous climbers)	+12	6 (50.00)	6	——	2x	6 = 40(5), 48(1)	——	——	x = 20, 24
	++3	1 (33.33)	1	——	2x	1 = 48(1)	——	——	x = 24
Family, Zygophyllaceae R. Br.
127. Tribulus L. (annual to perennial herbs)	+25	8 (32.00)	6	2 (25.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x	15 = 12(3), 20(1), 24(7), 30(1), 32(1), 36(1), 48(1)	2(6)	2	x = 6, 10
	++3 (4)	4	2	2 (50.00)	2x, 3x, 4x, 6x	8 = 12(2), 24(4), 32(1), 36(1)	1(6)	1	x = 6, 10

The chromosome numbers are recorded as mitotic numbers as such or converted from meiotic numbers.

^* +World; ++India.

Table

Genus	Total basic numbers	Established basic numbers	Proposed basic numbers
	(x)	(x)	(x)
Cassia	6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13	6, 7, 8, 10, 13	11
Cotoneaster	16, 17	17	16
Mimosa	12, 13, 14, 16, 20	12, 13	14, 16, 20
Parthenocissus	20, 24	20	24
Pleurospermum	9, 11	11	9
Sisymbrium	7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13	7, 8	9, 10, 11, 13
Sorbaria	9, 17	9	17
Triumfetta	8, 10	8	10
Ziziphus	10, 11, 12, 13	10, 12	11, 13

Table 3. The information pertaining to 127 polypetalous genera studied at present with details of polyploidy.

Serial no.	Name of family	Number of genera studied	Number of polyploid genera (habit*)					Level of polyploidy
			Nil	< 25%	26–50%	51–75%	76–100%	Most common	Highest
1.	Apiaceae	13	3B	9 (7B+1A+1C)	1B	—	—	4x	8x
2.	Balsaminaceae	1	—	—	1 C	—	—	4x	11x
3.	Berberidaceae	1	—	1 F	—	—	—	4x	4x
4.	Brassicaceae	11	—	3 C	4 C	2 C	2 C	4x	18x
5.	Caesalpiniaceae	3	—	1 G	—	—	2 G	4x	8x
6.	Caryophyllaceae	6	—	1 C	1 B	2 C	3 C	4x	26x
7.	Crassulaceae	1	—	—	—	—	1 C	4x	48x
8.	Curcurbitaceae	1	—	—	1 C	—	—	4x	4x
9.	Fabaceae	30	9 (6D+1G+2B)	16 (7 D+1 G+2A+ 2F+3C+1E)	2C	1 C	2 D	4x	22x
10.	Fumariaceae	2	—	1 C	—	—	1 C	4x	18x
11.	Geraniaceae	2	—	1 C	—	1 C	—	4x	14x
12.	Hypericaceae	1	—	—	1 E	—	—	4x	6x
13.	Malvaceae	7	—	—	2 D	1 D	4 (2C+2D)	4x	16x
14.	Mimosaceae	5	—	4 (2 E+2 G)	—	—	1G	4x	16x
15.	Onagraceae	3	1B	2 (1B+1C)	—	—	—	4x	12x
16.	Oxalidaceae	1	—	—	1 C	—	—	4x	8x
17.	Papaveraceae	3	—	—	—	1 C	2 C	4x	16x
18.	Podophyllaceae	1	—	—	1 B	—	—	4x	4x
19.	Ranunculaceae	9	—	4 (1D+1C+1A+1B)	2B	1B	2B	4x	24x
20.	Rhamnaceae	1	—	1G	—	—	—	4x	8x
21.	Rosaceae	14	—	1 G	4 (2C+2F)	4 (2 F+1D+2B)	5 (2B+1G+2 F)	4x	28x
22.	Rutaceae	2	1 B	—	1 G	—	—	12x**	12x
23.	Saxifragaceae	2	1 B	—	—	—	1 C	4x	22x
24.	Tamaricaceae	1	1 F	—	—	—	—	—	—
25.	Tiliaceae	3	—	1 G	—	1 D	1 E	4x	10x
26.	Violaceae	1	—	—	—	1 D	—	4x	16x
27.	Vitaceae	1	1 F	—	—	—	—	—	—
28.	Zygophyllaceae	1	—	1 C	—	—	—	4x	8x
Total		127	17	47	22	15	26

* Symbols for habit: A – annual herbs; B – perennial herbs; C – annual, biennial and perennial herbs (annual biennial less in number but perennial more); D – herbs and shrubs; E – herbs, shrubs and trees; F – shrubs; G – shrubs and trees.

** In Rutaceae, only single polyploid report of genus.