Karyological studies of eight Carduus L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae) taxa from Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Localities and voucher numbers of Carduus taxa investigated.

Taxa	Locality	Voucher number
C. olympicus subsp. hypoleucus	Kastamonu: Ilgaz mountain pass, forest openings, 1875 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2815 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Konya: 2 km east of Ilgın, 1000 m, field sides, 16 July 2013	Arabacı 2795 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Kütahya: South of Kütahya, 940 m, 16 July 2013	Arabacı 2803 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Kütahya: 14 km from Kütahya to Bozüyük, 865 m, forest openings 17 June 2013	Arabacı 2804 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Çorum: 10 km from Osmancık to Merzifon, 525 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2817 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Çorum: 30 km from Osmancık to Merzifon, 840 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2818 & Köstekci
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus	Amasya: Around Merzifon, 740 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2820 & Köstekci
C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus	Mersin: West of Limonlu, 40 m, limestone slopes, 22 May 2012	Arabacı 2737 & Köstekci
C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus	Konya: Akşehir, Sultandağları, above Cankurtaran, 1600–1700 m, 16 July 2013	Arabacı 2798 & Köstekci
C. onopordioides subsp. turcicus	Gümüşhane: 15 km from Gümüşhane to Bayburt, junction of Harmancık village, 1300 m, 7 June 2012	Arabacı 2766 & Köstekci
C. candicans subsp. globifer	Edirne: 3 km from Edirne to Havsa, 80 m, field sides, 8 June 2008	Yıldız 16778 & Arabacı
C. candicans subsp. candicans	Edirne: 17 km from Uzunköprü to Havsa, 150 m, field sides, 8 June 2008	Yıldız 16776 & Arabacı
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides	Kayseri: 50 km from Kayseri to Malatya, field margins, 1410 m, 27 June 2011	Arabacı 2728 & Köstekci
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides	Bolu: Around Mengen, 560 m, 17 June 2013	Arabacı 2811& Köstekci.
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides	Çankırı: 2 km from Çerkeş to Gerede, road sides, 1100 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2812 & Köstekci
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides	Çankırı: 72 km from Gerede to Ilgaz, 1180 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2813 & Köstekci
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides	Çankırı: Around Atkaracalar, 1200 m, 18 July 2013	Arabacı 2814 & Köstekci
C. acanthoides subsp. sintenisii	Bolu: 2 km from Yeniçağa to Mengen 960 m, field sides, 17 July 2013	Arabacı 2809 & Köstekci

Figure 1. Somatic metaphases in Carduus taxa. (a) C. olympicus subsp. hypoleucus (2n = 22); (b) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2795) (2n = 22); (c) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2803) (2n = 22); (d) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2804) (2n = 22); (e) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2817) (2n = 22); (f) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2818) (2n = 22); (g) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2820) (2n = 22); (h) C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus (2737) (2n = 32); (i) C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus (2798) (2n = 16); (j) C. onopordioides subsp. turcicus (2n = 32); (k) C. candicans subsp. candicans (2n = 18); (l) C. candicans subsp. globifer (2n = 18); (m) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2728) (2n = 22); (n) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2811) (2n = 22); (o) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2812) (2n = 22); (p) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2813) (2n = 22); (q) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2814) (2n = 22); (r) C. acanthoides subsp. sintenisii (2n = 22). Scale bars: 10 μm. Arrows indicate the satellite chromosomes.

Table 2. Somatic chromosome number (2n), ploidy level, karyotype formula, ranges of chromosome length, total karyotype length (TKL), relative length (RL), arm ratio (AR), centromeric index (CI) (100S/TL) and asymmetry indexes (A1, A2) of Romero Zarco (1986) of the studied Carduus taxa.

Taxa	2n	Ploidy level	Karyotype formula	Chromosome length range (μm)	TKL(μm)	RL	AR	CI	A1	A2
C. olympicus subsp. hypoleucus (2815)	22	2x	6m+5sm	1.81–3.69	25.87	7.03–14.28	1.26–2.17	31.53–44.14	0.39	0.22
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2795)	22	2x	7m+4sm	1.80–3.36	27.54	6.54–12.22	1.17–2.21	31.14–46.07	0.37	0.19
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2803)	22	2x	6m+5sm	2.09–3.51	30.56	6.85–11.49	1.38–2.03	32.97–41.86	0.39	0.16
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2804)	22	2x	7m+4sm	1.62–3.25	28.33	5.74–11.50	1.22–2.19	31.26–45.00	0.35	0.19
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2817)	22	2x	7m+4sm	2.06–3.81	33.75	6.10–11.31	1.23–2.09	32.32–44.66	0.35	0.18
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2818)	22	2x	10m+1sm	2.06–3.79	32.72	6.31–11.60	1.02–2.01	33.14–49.42	0.24	0.18
C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2820)	22	2x	7m+4sm	2.18–3.97	33. 40	6.52–11.89	1.27–2.05	32.78–43.86	0.36	0.17
C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus(2737)	32	4x	11m+5sm	1.46–3.06	34.87	4.20–8.78	1.28–2.27	30.55–43.83	0.37	0.20
C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus(2798)	16	2x	7m+1sm	3.33–4.74	31.73	10.49–14.94	1.96–2.76	32.58–44.33	0.31	0.12
C. onopordioides subsp. turcicus (2766)	32	4x	10m+6sm	1.83–3.37	39.41	4.64–8.56	1.23–2.23	30.93–44.67	0.34	0.16
C. candicans subsp. candicans (16776)	18	2x	7m+2sm	2.32–4.28	28.51	8.15–15.01	1.02–2.06	32.57–49.26	0.31	0.21
C. candicans subsp. globifer (16778)	18	2x	5m+4sm	2.80–4.34	31.66	8.86–13.70	1.30–2.14	31.84–43.39	0.37	0.15
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides(2728)	22	2x	1M+8m+2sm	1.96–3.66	31.97	6.13–11.47	1.00–2.05	32.70–50.00	0.28	0.18
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2811)	22	2x	5m+6sm	2.35–3.45	32.04	7.33–10.76	1.35–2.06	32.60–42.50	0.39	0.12
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2812)	22	2x	6m+5sm	1.99–3.86	31.93	6.24–12.11	1.30–2.19	31.33–43.42	0.38	0.20
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides(2813)	22	2x	5m+6sm	1.76–2.97	26.33	6.68–11.29	1.42–2.08	32.43–41.28	0.40	0.17
C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2814)	22	2x	7m+4sm	2.02–3.83	32.24	6.29–11.89	1.21–2.25	30.72–44.66	0.35	0.17
C. acanthoides subsp. sintenisii (2809)	22	2x	7m+4sm	1.81–2.33	23.16	7.83–10.10	1.32–1.96	33.70–42.92	0.37	0.08

Figure 2. Haploid idiograms. (a) C. olympicus subsp. hypoleucus (2n = 22); (b) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2795) (2n = 22); (c) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2803) (2n = 22); (d) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2804) (2n = 22); (e) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2817) (2n = 22); (f) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2818) (2n = 22); (g) C. tmoleus subsp. tmoleus (2820) (2n = 22); (h) C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus (2737) (2n = 32); (i) C. nutans subsp. falcato-incurvus (2798) (2n = 16); (j) C. onopordioides subsp. turcicus (2n = 32); (k) C. candicans subsp. candicans (2n = 18); (l) C. candicans subsp. globifer (2n = 18); (m) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2728) (2n = 22); (n) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2813) (2n = 22); (o) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2811) (2n = 22); (p) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2812) (2n = 22); (q) C. acanthoides subsp. acanthoides (2814) (2n = 22); (r) C. acanthoides subsp. sintenisii (2n = 22). Scale bars: 1 μm.