In vitro anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of A431 cells either untreated or treated with CQ extract for 24 h: (a) untreated; (b) CQ extract at 50 μg ml⁻¹; (c) CQ extract at 100 μg ml⁻¹; (d) CQ extract at 250 μg ml⁻¹.

Figure 2. Cytotoxicity of 24-h CQ extract treatment on A431 cells, assessed using an MTT assay. Each value represents the mean ± SE of three tests. Treated versus control (*p < 0.05).

Figure 3. CQ extract induced ROS generation in A431 cells. (a) Percentage of ROS production due to CQ extract in A431 cells. (b–e) Photomicrographs captured with a fluorescence microscope after CQ extract exposure for 24 h: (b) untreated; (c) at 25 μg ml⁻¹; (d) at 50 μg ml⁻¹; (e) at 100 μg ml⁻¹.*p < 0.05 versus control.

Figure 4. Shrinkage of chromosome in A431 cells due to CQ extract exposure for 24 h. Photomicrographs captured with a fluorescence microscope: (a) untreated; (b) at 25 μg ml⁻¹; (c) at 50 μg ml⁻¹; (d) at 100 μg ml⁻¹.

Figure 5. DNA fragmentation of A431 cells after exposure to CQ extract for 24 h.