Karyotype analysis in some Chara species (Charales, Charophyceae) in Iran

Figures & data

Table 1. Chara populations studied, their locality and voucher number.

	Species	Province	Longitude	Latitude	Altitude (m)	Voucher
1	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Khuzestan 1	50°20′32″	30°29′07″	393	HSBU-2011470
2	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Khuzestan 2	50°09′06″	30°36′59″	354	HSBU-2011463
3	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Khuzestan 3	50°11′24″	30°39′18″	343	HSBU-2011473
4	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Khuzestan 4	50°21′31″	30°29′55″	423	HSBU-2011467
5	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Mazandaran 1	52°07′34″	36°11′53″	1407	HSBU-2011511
6	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Mazandaran 2	53°09′44″	36°23′28″	194	HSBU-2011506
7	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Gilan	49°31′31″	36°40′24″	624	HSBU-2011494
8	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Isfahan	51°43′03″	33°36′43″	1641	HSBU-2011402
9	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Razavi Khorasan 1	59°20′32″	37°16′04″	546	HSBU-2011437
10	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Razavi Khorasan 2	59°13′35″	35°59′06″	1360	HSBU-2011435
11	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Razavi Khorasan 3	60°24′20″	36°17′00″	1194	HSBU-2011444
12	C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	Razavi Khorasan 4	60°28′34″	36°19′08″	855	HSBU-2011443
13	C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	Yazd	54°09′25″	31°43′36″	1645	HSBU-2011514
14	C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	Kerman	56°58′42″	30°36′15″	2096	HSBU-2011480
15	C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	Gilan	49°31′31″	36°40′24″	625	HSBU-2011492
16	C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	Razavi Khorasan	59°13′1.6″	36°19′25″	1784	HSBU-2011450
17	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Yazd	54°08′38″	31°43′45″	1608	HSBU-2011516
18	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Isfahan	51°48′33″	31°43′02″	2247	HSBU-2011405
19	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Mazandaran 1	53°08′49″	36°25′45″	154	HSBU-2011505
20	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Mazandaran 2	51°43′54″	36°11′02″	2161	HSBU-2011512
21	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Kerman 1	57°27′56″	30°11′53″	2194	HSBU-2011486
22	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Kerman 2	56°58′47″	30°36′06″	2107	HSBU-2011479
23	C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	Kerman 3	57°26′10″	29°59′59″	2356	HSBU-2011485
24	C. gymnophylla	Isfahan	51°42′23″	33°36′34″	1697	HSBU-2011403
25	C. gymnophylla	Gilan 1	49°34′52″	36°4057″	1048	HSBU-2011499
26	C. gymnophylla	Gilan 2	49°48′54″	36°42′23″	1547	HSBU-2011497
27	C. gymnophylla	Gilan 3	49°51′21″	36°42′54″	1463	HSBU-2011522
28	C. gymnophylla	Gilan 4	49°44′19″	36°46′32″	1178	HSBU-2011495
29	C. gymnophylla	Mazandaran	53°05′09″	36°33′48″	37	HSBU-2011508
30	C. braunii	Mazandaran	53°05′09″	36°33′48″	37	HSBU-2011500
31	C. braunii	Gilan	50°09′20″	37°05′24″	56	HSBU-2011496
32	C. contraria	Khuzestan 1	50°07′54″	30°37′34″	272	HSBU-2011462
33	C. contraria	Khuzestan 2	50°09′06″	30°36′59″	354	HSBU-2011463
34	C. contraria	Khuzestan 3	50°12′30″	30°34′15″	278	HSBU-2011466
35	C. connivens	Khuzestan	50°13′13″	30°34′18″	286	HSBU-2011465
36	C. globata	Isfahan	51°47′54″	32°21′05″	2042	HSBU-2011404

Table 2. Karyotype features of Chara species studied.

Species	Ch no.	A1	A2	CV	TL	RangeS-L	RatioL/S	TF%	CVCI	CVCL	MCA	ST	KF
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.25	0.16	16.28	47.63	2.32–4.30	1.85	42.71	7.9	16.28	14.72	1A	13m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	28	0.22	0.25	25.33	113.34	2.63–6.03	2.30	43.72	19.4	25.33	12.69	2B	3M + 24m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	28	0.25	0.22	22.09	75.25	1.90–4.08	2.15	42.87	17.1	22.09	15.33	1B	3M + 21m + 4Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.25	0.17	16.77	54.57	3.16–5.39	1.71	42.51	8.4	16.77	14.54	1A	14m
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	28	0.23	0.28	28.41	83.62	1.31–4.65	3.55	43.21	22.7	28.41	13.80	1B	3M + 22m + 3Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.22	0.14	14.12	43.98	2.12–3.70	1.75	43.77	6.9	14.12	12.39	1A	14m
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	28	0.26	0.26	26.40	86.85	1.49–4.89	3.28	42.60	22.5	26.40	16.66	2B	2M + 22m + 3Sm + 1st
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.29	0.21	21.09	43.86	2.12–4.01	1.89	40.98	15.3	21.09	17.92	2A	11m + 3Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.23	0.12	12.28	41.64	2.43–3.56	1.47	43.39	7.1	12.28	13.23	1A	13m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.27	0.17	17.17	49.18	2.70–4.51	1.67	41.87	9.2	17.17	16.28	1A	12m + 2Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.28	0.21	21.12	62.76	3.06–5.86	1.91	41.60	12.6	21.12	16.85	2A	11m + 3Sm
C. vulgaris var. vulgaris	14	0.22	0.18	17.86	27.60	1.29–2.71	2.10	43.02	10.3	17.86	13.29	2B	13m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	14	0.23	0.14	14.45	45.52	2.77–4.46	1.61	43.11	8.9	14.45	13.67	1A	13m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	14	0.20	0.19	19.00	40.61	2.19–3.93	1.80	44.26	9.5	19.00	11.75	1A	13m + 1Sm
C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	28	0.27	0.24	24.21	83.31	1.99–4.40	2.21	41.72	29.2	24.21	17.55	2B	4M + 19m + 3Sm + 2st
C. vulgaris var. longibracteata	28	0.24	0.29	28.51	99.97	1.95–5.86	3.01	43.38	11.5	28.51	14.79	2B	3M + 21m + 4Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.33	0.21	20.85	58.26	2.59–6.13	2.37	38.82	17.2	20.85	21.09	2B	8m + 6Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.38	0.26	26.36	62.65	2.39–6.52	2.73	37.47	20.9	26.36	25.50	2B	7m + 6Sm +1st
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.29	0.22	22.32	61.40	2.60–5.86	2.26	41.42	10.9	22.32	17.48	B	11m + 3Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.33	0.20	20.14	49.50	2.20–4.35	1.98	39.65	15.3	20.14	20.66	2A	10m + 4Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.27	0.24	24.34	52.74	1.97–5.65	2.87	41.53	15.2	24.34	17.07	2B	10m + 4Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.29	0.25	25.01	57.03	2.39–6.28	2.63	40.86	12.6	25.01	17.82	2B	10m + 4Sm
C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae	14	0.38	0.17	16.69	60.99	3.36–5.87	1.75	36.74	21.7	16.69	25.65	2A	8m + 5Sm + 1st
C. gymnophylla	14	0.20	0.10	10.15	43.33	2.54–3.54	1.39	44.15	6.1	10.15	11.62	1A	14m
C. gymnophylla	14	0.23	0.15	14.75	54.63	3.03–4.89	1.61	43.24	11.8	14.75	13.61	1A	1M+ 11m + 2Sm
C. gymnophylla	14	0.27	0.09	9.42	58.59	3.55–4.85	1.36	42.00	9.9	9.42	16.44	1A	12m + 2Sm
C. gymnophylla	14	0.24	0.18	18.37	46.93	2.63–4.92	1.87	42.67	9.2	18.37	14.04	2A	13m + 1Sm
C. gymnophylla	14	0.22	0.14	14.28	44.25	2.47–4.14	1.68	43.40	7.1	14.28	12.93	1A	14m
C. gymnophylla	28	0.18	0.23	22.63	45.74	1.16–2.48	2.15	45.42	20.9	22.63	10.69	1B	5M + 23m
C. braunii	14	0.28	0.19	19.45	36.52	1.67–3.34	2.00	42.09	9.5	19.45	16.50	2B	13m + 1Sm
C. braunii	14	0.31	0.18	17.95	35.88	1.58–3.38	2.03	41.98	9.44	20.03	16.08	2B	13m + 1Sm
C. contraria	28	0.26	0.18	17.78	71.31	1.72–3.44	2.00	43.09	17.2	17.78	15.34	1A	28m
C. contraria	28	0.25	0.17	16.82	72.21	1.69–3.42	2.03	42.37	9.96	16.82	15.06	2B	26m + 2Sm
C. contraria	14	0.21	0.19	19.33	41.57	2.17–4.42	2.04	44.11	7.5	19.33	12.21	2B	13m + 1Sm
C. connivens	14	0.24	0.17	16.93	52.02	2.44–4.89	2.00	42.69	7.7	16.93	14.20	1B	13m +1Sm
C. globata	28	0.21	0.22	22.46	77.71	1.99–4.36	2.19	44.41	19.4	22.46	12.62	1B	3M + 23m + 2Sm

Abbreviations: Ch no.: chromosome number; A1: intrachromosomal asymmetry indices (Romero Zarco); A2: interchromosomal asymmetry indices (Romero Zarco); CV: coefficient of variation; TL: total haploid chromosome length (μm); S: shortest chromosome length; L: longest chromosome length; L/S: ratio of the longest chromosome/shortest chromosome (μm); TF%: total form percentage; CV_CI: heterogeneity of the centromeric index; CV_CL: coefficient of variation of chromosome length; M_CA: mean centromeric asymmetry; ST: Stebbins’ class; KF: karyotype formula.

Figure 1. Haploid idiograms and metaphase plate of Chara species and varieties: (A, B) C. vulgaris var. vulgaris (n =14 and n =28); (C, D) C. vulgaris var. longibracteata (n =14 and n =28); (E) C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae; (F) C. gymnophylla; (G) C. braunii; (H) C. contraria; (I) C. connivens; and (J) C. globate. Scale bars: 13 μm.

Figure 2. Scatter diagram of Chara species based on the karyotype parameters CV_CL versus M_CA. C. vulgaris var. vulgaris (), C. vulgaris var. longibracteata (■), C. gymnophylla var. rohleana (∆), C. gymnophylla (▲), C. braunii (*), C. contraria (×), C. connivens (+) and C. globata (■).

Figure 3. UPGMA cluster analysis of n = 14 and n = 28 Chara species and varieties based on mitotic data. vul1, vul2, vul3, vul4, vul5, vul6, vul7, vul8, vul9, vul10, vul11 and vul12 are populations 1–12 of C. vulgaris var. vulgaris; long1, long2, long3 and long4 are populations 1–4 of C. vulgaris var. longibracteata; rohl1, rohl2, rohl3, rohl4, rohl5, rohl6 and rohl7 are populations 1–7 of C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae; gymn1, gymn2, gymn3, gymn4, gymn5 and gymn6 are populations 1–6 of C. gymnophylla; brau1 and brau2 are populations 1 and 2 of C. braunii; cont1, cont2 and cont3 are populations 1–3 of C. contraria; con is the population of C. connivens; glob1 is the population of C. globate (respectively in accordance with Table 1).