Chromosome counts and male meiosis in two species of Pleurospermum Hoffm. (Apiaceae): additional comments on the cytogeographic pattern of the genus

Figures & data

Figure 1. Pleurospermum candollii growing in its natural habitat on moist alpine slopes among stones, acaulescent habit.

Figure 2. P. candollii alongside the boulder, caulescent habit (arrow).

Figure 3. P. govanianum growing in its natural habitat on moist alpine slopes.

Figure 4. PMCs (pollen mother cells) showing meiotic chromosome numbers and meiotic abnormalities, and pollen grains. (a) Metaphase-I, n = 11; (b) chromatin transfer (arrows) and broken chromatin strands at A-I (arrowheads); (c) chromatin transfer at T-II; (d) broad cytomictic channels (arrow) without chromatin material transfer at T-II; (e) unidirectional chromatin transfer at T-II by forming single narrow strand with broad head; (f) hypoploid (arrowhead) and hyperploid (arrows) PMCs; (g) hyperploid PMC with (arrows) broken chromatin strands at A-I; (h) laggards (arrows) at A-I; (i) a PMC at T-II having seven different sized nuclei, and adjacent one with only three nuclei receiving chromatin from another PMC; (j) interbivalent connections (arrows); (k) sporad with a micronucleus; (l) heterogeneously sized stained pollen grains; (m) metaphase-I, n = 9; (n) 9:9 chromosome distributions at M-II; (o) chromatin transfer (arrows) and broken chromatin strands at A-I I (arrowheads); (p) hypoploid (arrows) and hyperploid (arrowhead) PMCs; (q) chromatin bridge at A-I. Scale bar =10 µm.

Table 1. Chromosome number, ploidy and geographical distribution 21 species of genus Pleurospermum.

Taxon	Origin	Chromosome number		Ploidy	Reference
		n	2n
1. P. angelicoides (Wall.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke	India: North-west Himalayas	11		2x	Mehra and Dhawan (1971)
	China: Yunnan Province, Lijiang		22	2x	Chin et al. (1989)
	India: Uttarakhand, Chamoli distr., Main Himalayan Range, basin of Alaknanda River, valley of Hem Ganga near Ghangaria, alt. 3000–3300 m		22	2x	Pimenov et al. (2006)
2. P. apiolens C. B. Clarke	Nepal: Gosainkund		33	3x	Cauwet-Marc (1982)
	Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia		22	2x	Vassil’eva et al. (1993)
	Nepal: Langtang National Park, basin of Trisuli Khola, between Sing Gompa and Cholang Pati, alt. 3400 m		22	2x	Pimenov et al. (2001)
3. P. aromaticum W. W. Sm.	China: Sichuan: Litang Co., 20 km S of Litang, rocks amongst high mountain plateau, alt. 4400 m		22	2x	Pimenov et al. (1999)
4. P. austriacum (L.) Hoffm.	Portugal: Ponto-Mediterranean		22	2x	Baksay (1958)
	Slovakia		22	2x	Murín (1978)
	Slovakia: Pieniny, Červený Kláštor		22	2x	Murín and Májovský (1978)
	Austria: Carinthia, Gailtaler Alpen Stockenboi, alt. 950 m		18	2x	Wetschnig and Leute (1991)
	Slovenia		22	2x	Druskovic (1995)
5. P. benthamii (Wall.) C. B. Clarke	China: Sichuan, Songpan Co., route Songpan-Hongyuan, alt. 3550 m		18	2x	Pimenov et al. (2006)
6. P. brunonis Benth. ex C. B. Clarke	India: Himachal Pradesh, Shimla distr., northern slope of Choordar Mt. (S of Darain village), alt. 3640 m		22	2x	Shner et al. (2009)
7. P. camtschaticum Hoffm.	Korea		18	2x	Byung-Yun et al. (1996)
	Japan: Hokkaido		18	2x	Nishikawa (1988)
8. P. candollii Benth. ex C. B. Clarke	India: Himachal Pradesh, Lahaul & Spiti district, Main Himalayan Range, Pass Baralacha La, alt. 4900 m India: Himachal Pradesh, Lahul & Spiti district, Trans-Himalayan Tibetan Plateau, Batal, alt. 3960 m		22	2x	Pimenov et al. (2006); Kumar and Singhal (2011)
9. P. decurrens Franch.	China: Yunnan, Tali Co, Diancang Shan Mts, eastern slope, above Yangbi, rich mixed forests, alt. 3400 m		18	2x	Shner et al. (2009)
10. P. densiflorum Benth. ex C. B. Clarke	India: Kashmir, Srinagar, Mahadev, alt. 2900 m	11		2x	Jeelani et al (2011)
11. P. dentatum (DC.) C.B. Clarke	Nepal: Managaon		22	2x	Cauwet-Marc (1982)
12. P. franchetianum Hemsl.	China: Hengduan Mountains		18	2x	Pu et al. (2006)
13. P. govanianum (Wall. ex DC.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke	India: Himachal Pradesh, Lahaul & Spiti district, Trans-Himalayan Tibetan Plateau, Batal, alt. 3960 m		18	2x	Kumar and Singhal (2011)
14. P. heterosciadium H. Wolff	China: Sichuan: between Xinduqiao and Yajiang, pass near Gaul Temple, alt. 4450–4700 m		44	4x	Pimenov et al. (1999)
15. P. hookeri var. thomsonii C. B. Clarke	China: Yunnan: Lijiang Co., Mts Yu-longxue Shan, eastern slope, alpine belt, alt. 4500 m		44	4x	Alexeeva et al. (2000)
	China: Hengduan Mountains		22	2x	Pu et al. (2006)
16. P. lindleyanum (Klotzsch) B. Fedtsch.	Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia	11		2x	Vassil’eva et al. (1991)
17. P. linearilobum W. W. Sm.	Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia	11		2x	Pimenov et al. (1998)
	China: Sichuan, Xiangcheng Co., 3900 m Yunnan: NW part, Zhongdian Co. alt. 2950 m		22	2x	Pimenov et al. (2006)
18. P. longicarpum Shan Ren Hwa & Pan Ze Hui	China: Yunnan: NW part, Zhongdian Co., 2 km from Luzo village, valley of river, alt. 3450 m		18	2x	Pimenov et al. (1999)
19. P. rivulorum (Diels) M. Hiroe	China: Yunnan Province, Lijiang,		22	2x	Chin et al. (1989)
20. P. simplex (Rupr.) Benth. & Hook. ex Drude	Kyrgyzstan: Kirghizia, Suusamyr Too		18	2x	Pimenov and Vassil’eva (1983)
	Kyrgyzstan: Chuja Province, Kemin District, S slope of Transili Ala-Too Ridge, upper reach of Kichi-Kemin River, below of Ak-Tyz village, alt. 2750 m	9		2x	Shner et al. (2012)
	Kazakhstan: Almaty prov., Transili ridge, vicinity of Medeo, Chimbulak, alt. 2800 m,		18	2x	Shner et al. (2014)
21. P. uralense Hoffm.	Russia: Kamchatka Peninsula, Far East		c.50	?	Sokolovskaya (1963)
	Russia: Far East		22, 44	2x, 4x	Gurzenkov and Gorovoy (1971)
	Siberia: South Siberia	9		2x	Rostovtseva (1976)
	Tunkinsky Alpes, East Sayana		22	2x	Krogulevich (1976)
	Eastern Sayana		18	2x	Krogulevich (1978)
	Russia	9	18	2x	Rostovtseva (1979)
	Kazakhstan: Tainty		18	2x	Pimenov and Vassil’eva (1983)
	Japan: Hokkaido		18	2x	Nishikawa (1988)
	Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia		18	2x	Vassil’eva et al (1991)
	Korea		18	2x	Byung-Yun et al. (1996)
	Russia: East Siberia, Irkutskaya Oblast’, Taishetskii Raion, Dzhogino village, left riverside of Biryusa river, pine forest,		18	2x	Chepinoga et al. (2010)
	Russia: Autonomous Republic of Buryatia (Trans Baikal region), Alchanai Mt		18	2x	Shner et al. (2014)

Notes: n = haploid or meiotic chromosome number; 2n = somatic or mitotic chromosome number.

Figure 5. Geographical distribution of two basic chromosome numbers, x = 9 (

) and x = 11 (

) in Europe and Asia.

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